POLICE FOUNDATION TITLES-IN-PRINT

The multi-disciplinary approach is an arrangement among involved institutions for the purpose of handling child sexual abuse cases in a coordinated manner.

IMPROVING JOINT INVESTIGATIONS OF CHILD ABUSE: A SUMMARY REPORT (1996).
David Sheppard and Patricia Zangrillo.
$10.00 (34 pages) ISBN 1-884614-12-4

Many law enforcement agencies and child protective service units of public child welfare agencies across the nation are conducting joint investigations of reported child abuse. The impetus for this cooperation comes mainly from state laws requiring or authorizing these two agencies to notify one another of incoming reports of child abuse and to work or cooperate with one another. This cooperation should lessen additional trauma to child victims from repetitious and possibly conflicting investigations and should prove more effective in investigating these often difficult cases. This report presents program models and guidelines that describe how this interagency collaboration can be accomplished successfully.

CIVIL DISORDER

THE CITY IN CRISIS: A REPORT BY THE SPECIAL ADVISOR TO THE BOARD OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS ON THE CIVIL DISORDER IN LOS ANGELES (1992).
$30.00, two-volume set (450 pages) ISBN 1-884614-05-1

This 450-page work reports the results of a study—headed by former Police Foundation chairman, William Webster, and foundation president Hubert Williams—of the police preparedness for and response to the 1992 civil disorder in Los Angeles.

CIVIL DISORDER: WHAT DO WE KNOW? HOW SHOULD WE PREPARE? (1994).
$15.00 (166 pages) ISBN 1-884614-03-5

In April 1993, a Police Foundation conference brought together national experts to consider the causes of civil disorder and the means by which it could be prevented or controlled. This book carries the edited proceedings of that conference. It offers practical approaches to controlling and preventing mass violence in our cities as well as insights into prevailing social conditions thought to lay the groundwork for such violence.

THE YEARS OF CONTROVERSY: THE LOS ANGELES POLICE COMMISSION 1991-1993 (1995). C.A. Novak.
$5.00 (45 pages) ISBN 1-884614-09-04

This report tells the story of the struggle to institute necessary changes in the Los Angeles Police Department in the period following the Rodney King incident, the trial of the police officers involved, and the devastating civil disorder sparked by that trial. In this monograph, the members of the 1991-1993 Los Angeles Police Commission provide a unique viewpoint of a difficult period in Los Angeles history. This is the first full account of how the commission fit into the puzzle of politics, media attention, public concern, and police policy that defined the city in the months and years following the beating of Rodney King.

COMMUNITY POLICING

THE ABUSE OF POLICE AUTHORITY: A NATIONAL STUDY OF POLICE OFFICERS' ATTITUDES (2001). David Weisburd, Rosann Greenspan, Edwin E. Hamilton, Kellie A. Bryant, Hubert Williams. $24.95 (197 pages/41 tables/figures) ISBN 1-884614-17-5.

The results of the first truly representative national survey of how America's rank-and-file police officers and their supervisors view critical issues of abuse of police authority. Officer responses are also analyzed according to rank, race, region of the U.S., and size of department. The survey instrument with responses is included. Presented are officers' views on:

Whether abuse of police authority is a necessary byproduct of efforts to reduce and control crime;
What types of abuse and attitudes toward abuse are observed in their departments, including the code of silence, whistle blowing, and the extent to which a citizen's race, demeanor, and class affect the way police officers treat them;
What strategies or tactics-including first-line supervision, community policing, citizen review boards, and training-do police officers consider to be effective means of preventing police abuse of authority.

THE CINCINNATI TEAM POLICING EXPERIMENT: A SUMMARY REPORT (1977). Alfred I. Schwartz and Sumner N. Clarren.
$10.00 (63 pages)

Concludes that neighborhood team policing is hard to maintain but is a potentially useful alternative to traditional police patrol methods.

vCOMMUNITY POLICING IN MADISON: QUALITY FROM THE INSIDE, OUT. TECHNICAL REPORT (1993). Mary Ann Wycoff and Wesley G. Skogan.
$15.00 (139 pages)

This report is the evaluation of the effort by the Madison, Wisconsin, Police Department to create a new organizational design—structural and managerial—to support community-oriented and problem-oriented policing. The report describes the effort to bring about change in policing from "the inside, out." Internal changes would be followed by external changes.

vCOMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGIES: DRAFT FINAL REPORT (1994). Mary Ann Wycoff.
$20.00 (274 pages)

This report summarizes the findings from a national survey conducted in 1993 to determine the number of departments in the U.S. that were implementing community policing or were planning to do so. The survey also sought to determine how community policing is defined operationally by the departments that espouse it and how it differs from more traditional forms of policing.

COMPSTAT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN THE LOWELL POLICE DEPARTMENT: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES (10.2MB). (2004). James J. Willis, Stephen D. Mastrofski, David Weisburd, Rosann Greenspan. (96 pages). $15.00 ISBN 1-884614-19-1

This report examines the special challenges and opportunities that arise when small departments try to institute a program of organizational change that originated in much larger agencies. The report serves three purposes: (1) to provide a detailed description of Lowell’s Compstat program that should interest police chiefs and other police personnel who are curious about Compstat; (2) to explain the benefits and challenges of implementing the various key elements of Compstat; and (3) to use our knowledge of Lowell to provide some insights into Compstat’s future in law enforcement.

COMPSTAT IN PRACTICE: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THREE CITIES (2004). James J. Willis, Stephen D. Mastrofski, and David Weisburd. (96 pages/705 kb) (available online only).

This report explores the relationship between the theory and practice of Compstat in three police departments of different size, organizational structure, and crime environment. It shows how police managers and officers adapted their routine tasks and activities to Compstat’s focus on accountability, innovative problem solving, and crime fighting. The challenges they faced in doing so reflected the culture of the individual department, the availability of resources for personnel, the sophistication of technology, and management’s commitment to the program. The distinct experiences of the three departments—Lowell, MA; Minneapolis, MN; and Newark, NJ—reveal Compstat’s complexities, highlight its contributions, and provide some insights into the direction it is leading U.S. policing.

vEVALUATING PATROL OFFICER PERFORMANCE UNDER COMMUNITY POLICING: THE HOUSTON EXPERIENCE. TECHNICAL REPORT (1993). Mary Ann Wycoff and Timothy N. Oettmeier.
$15.00 (147 pages)

The Police Foundation and the Houston Police Department worked to develop and test a new personnel evaluation process in support of neighborhood-oriented policing in Houston. The study concluded that a performance measurement process designed to reinforce officer functions can provide structural support for a philosophy of policing and for structural change.

THE GROWTH OF COMPSTAT IN AMERICAN POLICING. A Police Foundation Report (April 2004)(211 KB) (available online only)
by David Weisburd, Stephen D. Mastrofski, Rosann Greenspan, and James J. Willis

This research-in-brief describes the national survey that assessed the number of U.S. police agencies using Compstat and measured the degree to which the elements of Compstat were part of their routine and structure. This is the second report in a series of three that resulted from the larger, NIJ-funded project, Compstat and Organizational Change: Findings from a National Survey.

NEWARK FOOT PATROL EXPERIMENT (1981). George L. Kelling, Antony Pate, Amy Ferrara, Mary Utne, and Charles E. Brown.
$15.00 (137 pages)

The results of this experiment suggest that while foot patrol may not reduce crime, it reduces citizen fear of crime. Residents see their communities as safer and better places to live, and are more satisfied with police services.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS IN POLICING(621 KB)
March 2003. by Rachel Boba. (64 pages) ISBN 1-884614-18-3
(Click on the above link for the PDF version or click here to order printed version.)

This report introduces and defines problem analysis and provides guidance on how problem analysis can be integrated and institutionalized into modern policing practices. This report is not a “how to” guide on conducting problem analysis, but is a summary of ideas and recommendations about what problem analysis is, what skills and knowledge are necessary to conduct it, and how it can be advanced by the police community, academia, the federal government, and other institutions. The ideas and recommendations in this report come primarily from a two-day forum conducted in February 2002 by the Police Foundation and the US Department of Justice’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), in which a group of academics, practitioners, and policy makers came together to discuss problem analysis and make recommendations for its progress. This report is a culmination of the concepts and ideas that were discussed in the forum and includes specific, relevant statements made by participants.

REDUCING FEAR OF CRIME IN HOUSTON AND NEWARK: A SUMMARY REPORT (1986). Antony M. Pate, Mary Ann Wycoff, Wesley G. Skogan, and Lawrence W. Sherman.
$15.00 (47 pages)

The research summarized here demonstrates that there are strategies police can use to reduce levels of perceived crime and disorder, reduce attendant fear, heighten satisfaction with police services and neighborhoods, and, in some cases, reduce crime itself.

vFEAR REDUCTION REPORTS (1985).
Executive Summary - $10.00 each
Technical Reports - $25.00 each

Reports of various aspects of community policing in Houston and Newark. An Executive Summary and Technical Report were produced for each study.

Citizen Contact Patrol: The Houston Field Test
The Houston Victim Recontact Experiment
Police Community Stations: The Houston Field Test
Police as Community Organizers: The Houston Field Test
Neighborhood Police Newsletters: Experiments in Newark and Houston
Coordinated Community Policing: The Newark Experience
Reducing the "Signs of Crime": The Newark experience (Technical Report not available)

INNER-CITY CRIME CONTROL. CAN COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS CONTRIBUTE? (1990). Anne Thomas Sulton.
$10.00 (123 pages)

Chronicles community crime reduction programs across the country, discussing strategies and techniques that should be considered in shaping urban crime control policy and research. The 18 model programs discussed are sponsored by an array of community institutions, including schools, churches, businesses, civic groups, and juvenile and criminal justice agencies.

SAN DIEGO COMMUNITY PROFILE: FINAL REPORT (1975). John E. Boydstun and Michael E. Sherry.
$10.50 (136 pages)

An evaluation by System Development Corporation of the San Diego Community Profile Development Project, designed to increase—through greater community involvement—patrol officers' ability to deal with the problems for the citizens on their beats.

TEAM POLICING: SEVEN CASE STUDIES (1973). Lawrence W. Sherman, Catherine H. Milton, and Thomas V. Kelly.
$10.00 (108 pages)

Examines, on a case-by-case basis, team policing as it existed in several cities in the early 1970s.

COMPSTAT

COMPSTAT IN PRACTICE: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THREE CITIES (2004). James J. Willis, Stephen D. Mastrofski, and David Weisburd. (96 pages/705 kb) (available online only).

THE GROWTH OF COMPSTAT IN AMERICAN POLICING. A Police Foundation Report (April 2004) (211 KB) (available online only)
by David Weisburd, Stephen D. Mastrofski, Rosann Greenspan, and James J. Willis

CRIME MAPPING & PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Advanced Problem Analysis, Crime Analysis, and Crime Mapping Training Curriculum

Generally, this training is designed for individuals who are already experienced with basic problem solving, crime analysis, and crime mapping techniques. The purpose of this training is to expose participants to the application of criminological theory and research methods in a policing environment, intermediate and advanced spatial analysis techniques, collection and analysis of different types of data sources, evaluation of responses to crime problems, tips on improving presentations, products, and writing skills, and problem analysis case studies.

The training curriculum consists of several components including:

over 630 training slides in Microsoft® PowerPoint® format
detailed notes/references in the PowerPoint® notes section to provide further explanation/references for the information on the slides
comprehensive exercises
a sample problem designed to illustrate the practical relevance of course concepts
hundreds of examples drawn from academic and practical literature
the trainers’ professional experience
the pilot training course

The training is designed for a person with experience in problem solving, problem analysis, crime analysis, and crime mapping to use to instruct practitioners and students in these areas. It is not a tutorial for practitioners; however, analysts may find the concepts and techniques as they are presented in the curriculum helpful.

To obtain a copy of the training on CD, please complete the attached PDF order form in its entirety and fax or mail it to the Police Foundation.

INTEGRATED INTELLIGENCE AND CRIME ANALYSIS: ENHANCED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT LEADERS
(2007) (4.3 MB) by Jerry H. Ratcliffe
($5 shipping and handling)
(48 pages)
ISBN 978-1-884614-21-7

Data and information about the criminal environment and criminal activity abound: the challenge is to corral this wealth of data into knowledge that can enhance decision making, improve strategies to combat crime, and increase crime prevention benefits. In other words, the aim is to convert data and information into actionable intelligence. This report is designed to identify the key challenges limiting criminal intelligence sharing, the aims of the integrated analysis model, and the way that all police departments, big or small, can work individually and collectively towards the new intelligence-led policing paradigm of modern policing.

MAPPING FOR COMMUNITY-BASED PRISONER REENTRY EFFORTS: A GUIDEBOOK FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES AND THEIR PARTNERS (6.04 MB) (2007) Nancy G. La Vigne
($5.00 shipping and handling) (44 pages)
ISBN 978-188461422-4

Prisoner reentry—the process of individuals leaving prison and jail and returning to the community—is a topic of increasing concern to law enforcement agencies across the country. With more than 650,000 prisoners returning to society each year, prisoner reentry poses many challenges to the communities involved, including an increased risk to public safety and a limited availability of jobs, housing, and social services for the returning prisoners. Mapping can provide valuable information on how prisoner reentry is affecting local communities, and the extent to which existing resources and services are addressing the needs of reentering populations.

The purpose of this guidebook is to explore ways in which mapping can aid police responses to prisoner reentry. This guidebook raises and answers a series of questions designed to walk the reader through the logic of why and how police can take an active role in prisoner reentry efforts and how mapping can aid in those efforts. It describes the reasons behind, and strategies for, engaging in data-sharing partnerships with corrections agencies, followed by a description of useful maps that can be produced. Special attention is paid to describing the various obstacles both to forging reentry partnerships and to mapping reentry data and how those obstacles can be surmounted. The guidebook closes with a discussion of how police agencies, in partnership with corrections, service providers, and community representatives, can use maps to influence changes in policies, practices, and procedures to better enhance public safety by reducing recidivism among released prisoners and apprehending those who do recidivate swiftly and efficiently.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS IN POLICING (621KB)
March 2003. by Rachel Boba. (64 pages) ISBN 1-884614-18-3
(Click on the above link for the PDF version or click here to order printed version.)

OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS:
CRIME MAPPING IN THE 21ST CENTURY

is a new occasional series on the human and technological barriers that police agencies face in the implementation and integration of crime mapping. Monographs in this series are only available online.

Number 1, January 2002
Crossing the Borders of Crime: Factors Influencing the Utility and Practicality of Interjurisdictional Crime Mapping. (549KB)
by John E. Eck (16 pages)

Mapping across jurisdictions has emerged as a major problem in the integration of crime mapping into police problem solving. Crime problems often cross jurisdictional boundaries, while crime analysis is often based within specific jurisdictions. John Eck, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati, argues the main impediments to the development of effective cross-jurisdictional crime mapping systems lie not in the technologies but in the organizational structures and patterns of police agencies.

Number 2, August 2002
Mapping in Police Agencies: Beyond This Point There Be Monsters (253KB)
by Lawrence Travis III and Kenneth D. Hughes (16 pages)

This monograph explores why more American law enforcement agencies haven’t adopted and fully utilized computerized crime mapping. Travis and Hughes propose that mapping is in an early stage of the innovation cycle and its acceptance and use will accelerate in time. The authors also suggest that computerized crime mapping, despite its potential, remains largely unexplored because it may present unforeseen perils for agencies and executives.

Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping Information Clearinghouse 2006 (8th Edition) (203 KB)

This clearinghouse provides a comprehensive list of bibliographic and Internet resources that may be useful to practitioners and researchers interested in the disciplines of problem analysis, crime analysis, and crime mapping. The bibliographic references are composed of books, articles, and reports that relate to topics such as crime analysis, problem solving, geographic information systems (GIS), crime mapping, and Internet mapping. The Internet resources provided at the end of the document include links to additional sources of information concerning crime analysis and crime mapping. This edition contains over 130 new bibliographic references, which indicates the increase in research and practice in this emerging field of crime analysis, GIS, and crime mapping. Finally, there is a new resource category entitled “Journey to Crime” that has been added to the clearinghouse.

Crime Analysis and Mapping Product Templates

The crime analysis and mapping product templates have been designed to serve as models for law enforcement analysts who wish to prepare standardized crime analysis reports, bulletins, and maps. The Police Foundation’s Crime Mapping Laboratory has collected over 100 examples of crime analysis reports (annual, monthly, weekly, and daily reports of crime and calls for service), memos, crime trend bulletins, and maps submitted by 20 law enforcement agencies across the United States. The products we received range from simple, one-page bulletins or maps to more detailed problem-solving reports that include multiple tables, charts, and maps. After collecting these examples from the field, we categorized and analyzed them to look for commonalities in format, content, relevance, and overall effectiveness in conveying information in a concise manner. With this knowledge, we have created 11 product templates that can be adapted for use by any law enforcement agency.

Frequently Asked Questions of Crime Analysis and Mapping (74KB)

As a service to the law enforcement community, the Crime Mapping Laboratory is dedicated to providing technical assistance via telephone, fax, e-mail, and personal contacts with individuals engaged in crime analysis and crime mapping. Based on these contacts, we have compiled a list of five frequently asked questions and answers to reach a wider audience than those reached by our technical assistance contacts. The answer to each question includes links to other crime analysis and mapping resources, such as publications and Web pages that provide useful and comprehensive information about that particular topic.

Guidelines to Implement and Evaluate Crime Analysis and Mapping in Law Enforcement (328KB)

This document is meant to serve as a guide for the processes of implementing and evaluating crime analysis and mapping for law enforcement agencies that do not currently have the function in place as well as those that are looking to reevaluate and restructure their current crime analysis and mapping functions. It provides a general outline for (1) developing a needs assessment, (2) creating an action plan based on the assessment, and (3) conducting an evaluation of crime analysis and mapping. This report is not meant to be a step-by-step guide for these three processes but instead offers suggestions and guidance on what and how to collect relevant information, while citing practical examples.

Integrating Community Policing and Computer Mapping: Assessing Issues and Needs Among COPS Office Grantees (160KB)

This report discusses the results of a telephone survey of 51 law enforcement agencies that have received funding from the COPS Office. This survey was conducted by the Crime Mapping Laboratory to determine the agencies' development as users of computer mapping and to facilitate the successful implementation of the technology. Although the findings of the survey are not generalizable to all agencies, they are suggestive and provide valuable insight into the issues and problems that some law enforcement agencies face as they integrate crime mapping into their operations.

Introductory Guide to Crime Analysis and Mapping (2.44MB)

This introductory guide was developed from the curriculum for the “Introduction to Crime Analysis Mapping and Problem Solving” training course conducted by members of the Police Foundation’s Crime Mapping Laboratory in 2001 and funded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). The purpose of this document is to convert the information presented in the training into a succinct and readable report that makes it available to a larger audience than was reached through the training sessions. It is not intended to be a comprehensive document on crime analysis, crime mapping, and problem solving, but rather a “starter” guidebook for someone just entering the field or a reference manual for current crime analysts or other law enforcement analysts. The format of the document follows the format of the training slides loosely, but it is not necessary to read them together.

Manual of Crime Analysis Map Production (883KB)

Through discussion and comprehensive examples, this manual provides guidelines for introductory-level crime analysis mapping for use in a law enforcement environment. To produce accurate and effective crime maps, there are three initial factors to consider: (1) the purpose of the map, (2) the audience of the map, and (3) the types of data to include in the map. These considerations often dictate the type of map that will be used and the method of presentation. This manual begins with a brief examination of these initial factors, follows with a discussion of the types of maps and design elements, and concludes with five comprehensive examples that illustrate the process of crime analysis mapping.

User Guide to Mapping Software for Police Agencies (8th edition) (17.7 MB)

This report provides an overview of a wide range of mapping software and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), focusing on their functionality and the features that may be of use to law enforcement analysts. Products reviewed in this report encompass a wide range of categories or subject areas, and perform a variety of functions, including: 1) data acquisition and data management, 2) geocoding, 3) crime mapping and analysis, 4) Internet mapping, 5) redistricting, 6) emergency management, 7) routing software, and 8) others, including products from each of the following specialized areas: audio-visual mapping, cartography, data mining, drawing/design, GIS applications development, geospatial imaging, geographic incident tracking/mapping, intelligence analysis, investigative analysis, resource allocation, records management, spatial data analysis, and spatial information systems. The review includes information related to: manufacturer, relevant area of application, contact information, the GIS and operating platforms necessary for the product, and a brief product description.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE POLICE: STUDIES IN DETROIT AND KANSAS CITY (1977). G. Marie Wilt, James D. Bannon, Ronald K. Breedlove, John W. Kennish, Donald M. Sandker, and Robert K. Sawtell.
$10.00 (146 pages)

Gives the results of studies conducted in Detroit and Kansas City (Missouri) which show the importance of threats as predictors of domestic violence.

vMETRO-DADE SPOUSE ABUSE REPLICATION PROJECT: TECHNICAL REPORT (1992). Antony Pate, Edwin E. Hamilton, and Sampson Annan.
$20.00 (199 pages)

Technical report of a study replicating the landmark 1984 research (Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment) that showed that arrest of spouse abuse suspects helped prevent recidivism. Conducted with National Institute of Justice funding and the cooperation of the Metro-Dade Police Department.

MINNEAPOLIS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE EXPERIMENT. A Police Foundation Report (266KB) (1984). Lawrence W. Sherman and Richard A. Berk. (available online only)

Arresting an assailant in a domestic violence case significantly reduces the likelihood of future violence. In the first scientifically controlled test of the effects of arrest for any crime, arrest was found to be the most effective of three standard responses used by police when responding to cases of domestic violence.

PREVENTING REPEAT INCIDENTS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE: A RANDOMIZED FIELD TEST OF A SECOND RESPONDER PROGRAM IN REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA. A Police Foundation Report. (December 2007). Robert C. David, David Weisburd, and Edwin E. Hamilton
(available online only) (191 KB)

This field test, conducted with the cooperation of the Redlands, CA, Police Department, sought to vary one of the parameters thought to affect the impact of second response programs. Victims who called the Redlands police with a domestic abuse complaint were randomly assigned (a) to receive a second response within 24 hours, (b) to receive a second response within seven days, or (c) to receive no second response. A check of police records and surveys with victims six months after the initial complaint was called did not indicate any reduction in new abuse resulting from any second response condition. The current findings, coupled with earlier research results, strongly suggest that second response programs are at best ineffective in reducing the potential for new abuse and at worst may increase the likelihood of new abusive incidents. Implications for criminal justice policy are discussed.

RICHMOND’S SECOND RESPONDERS: PARTNERING WITH POLICE AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. A Police Foundation Report (March 2005).
(266KB) (available online only)

Domestic violence is a significant social problem in the U.S., where over 22 percent of women have suffered an attack by an intimate partner. Over the last two decades, scholars and practitioners have looked into ways to reduce the incidence of domestic violence. One of the strategies being explored employs a broader approach that is both multidisciplinary and multi-agency. This report examines the Richmond Second Responders program in which social service caseworkers are summoned by police to the scene of domestic violence incidents to provide assistance and information to victims.

SPOUSE ABUSE RESEARCH RAISES NEW QUESTIONS ABOUT POLICE RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. (194KB)
A Police Foundation Report (October 1992).
FREE ($5.00 Shipping and handling)

Report of findings of a study conducted in Dade County, Florida, to examine the relationship between arrest of spouse abuse suspects and their subsequent recidivism. Deterrence seemed to be largely limited to employed suspects.

DRUG ENFORCEMENT

DRUGS AND CRIME ACROSS AMERICA: POLICE CHIEFS SPEAK OUT (2004). (20 pages/231KB)

Drug Strategies and the Police Foundation commissioned Peter D. Hart Research Associates to survey the experience of more than 300 police chiefs across the U.S. who are on the “front lines” in dealing with drugs. This poll builds on a similar survey conducted in 1996 and provides important perspectives on how police chiefs’ attitudes toward drug enforcement have changed in the intervening eight years.

DRUGS AND CRIME ACROSS AMERICA: POLICE CHIEFS SPEAK OUT (146KB) (1996) (available online only)

DRUG ENFORCEMENT IN PUBLIC HOUSING: SIGNS OF SUCCESS IN DENVER (1993). Sampson O. Annan and Wesley G. Skogan.
$10.00 (47 pages) ISBN 1-884614-04-3

The study assesses the effect of a special narcotics enforcement unit established by the City of Denver in its public housing units. The authors found that indices measuring drug use, drug arrests, drug availability, and drug-related crime declined during the evaluation period.

DRUGS AND VIOLENCE: POLICE DEPARTMENTS UNDER SIEGE (1990).
Free ($5.00 for shipping and handling)

Portfolio of seven issue papers arising from a conference held by the Police Foundation in September 1989 to address the serious problems caused by drugs and violence in cities around the country.

PRELUDE TO PROJECT SAFE NEIGHBORHOODS: THE RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, EXPERIENCE. A Police Foundation Report. (192 KB). (January 2004). Edwin E. Hamilton. (available online only)

Richmond, Virginia’s successful gun violence reduction program, Project Exile, became a building block for Project Safe Neighborhoods, the massive federal initiative for combating gun violence in the U.S. With support from the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, the Police Foundation held a series of symposiums across the country that were facilitated by the architects of Project Exile to inform practitioners about factors that were critical to that program’s success.

ETHICS

Whether abuse of police authority is a necessary byproduct of efforts to reduce and control crime;
What types of abuse and attitudes toward abuse are observed in their departments, including the code of silence, whistle blowing, and the extent to which a citizen's race, demeanor, and class affect the way police officers treat them;
What strategies or tactics-including first-line supervision, community policing, citizen review boards, and training-do police officers consider to be effective means of preventing police abuse of authority.

ASSESSING LAW ENFORCEMENT ETHICS: SUMMARY REPORT BASED ON THE STUDY CONDUCTED WITH THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF STATE POLICE (1996). Karen L. Amendola.
$10.00 (30 pages) ISBN 1-884614-10-8

The management team of the Oregon Department of State Police took a proactive approach in attempting to understand the prevailing ethical culture in that agency by surveying its officers. With the assistance of the Police Foundation, the OSP embarked on a process of self-examination through the development, administration, and analysis of a department-wide survey of ethical values.

vASSESSING LAW ENFORCEMENT ETHICS: TECHNICAL REPORT BASED ON THE STUDY CONDUCTED WITH THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF STATE POLICE (1996). Karen L. Amendola, Cielle Hockman, and Peter Scharf.
$15.00 (107 pages) ISBN 1-884614-1-6

Technical report of the project which the foundation conducted with the Oregon Department of State Police to assess the ethical climate of that department.

POLICE CORRUPTION: A PERSPECTIVE ON ITS NATURE AND CONTROL (1975). Herman Goldstein.
$10.00 (64 pages)

Describes the problem of defining police corruption, assesses the cost and impact of corruption, lists the administrative dilemmas in dealing with it, and discusses some suggested solutions for its control.

FIREARMS

vFIREARM ABUSE: A RESEARCH AND POLICY REPORT (1977).
Steven Brill and Joan L. Wolfle.
$10.00 (107 pages)

Concludes that high-priced, brand-name handguns are used as crime weapons as often as cheaper, so-called "Saturday Night Specials."

GUNS IN AMERICA: RESULTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL SURVEY ON FIREARMS OWNERSHIP AND USE. (9.4 MB) (1997). Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig.
$15.00 (94 pages) ISBN 1-884614-14-0

This report presents new evidence from a comprehensive national survey on guns in America, the National Survey of Private Owner-ship of Firearms (NSPOF). The NSPOF focuses on four central issues: (1) the size, composition, and ownership of America's gun stock; (2) how and why firearms are acquired; (3) gun storage and carrying; and (4) the defensive use of firearms against criminal attackers. Also included are attitudes toward gun-control regulation.

PRELUDE TO PROJECT SAFE NEIGHBORHOODS: THE RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, EXPERIENCE. A Police Foundation Report. (192 KB). (January 2004). Edwin E. Hamilton. (available online only)

HOMELAND SECURITY/TERRORISM

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PREPAREDNESS OF PRIVATE SECURITY IN SHOPPING MALLS TO PREVENT AND RESPOND TO TERRORIST ATTACK (January 2006) Robert C. Davis, Christopher Ortiz, Robert Rowe, Joseph Broz, George Rigakos, Pam Collins
Full Report (final report to NIJ) (497 KB)
Police Foundation Report (summary report) (183 KB)

This assessment indicates what malls are doing in the areas of risk assessments, preventive measures, emergency preparedness plans, training, and coordination with state and local government. The comprehensive picture that emerges of the state of security in large retail malls suggests that (a) there are significant gaps in preparedness, (b) there are relatively inexpensive steps that can be taken to fill those gaps, and (c) state homeland security officials and local police as well as mall owners and have a role to play in filling those gaps.

INTEGRATED INTELLIGENCE AND CRIME ANALYSIS: ENHANCED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT LEADERS
(2007) (4.3 MB) Jerry H. Ratcliffe ($5 shipping and handling) (48 pages)
ISBN 978-1-884614-21-7

POST 9-11 POLICING

In 2004, with funding from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the National Sheriffs' Association, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, the Major Cities Chiefs Association, and the Police Foundation undertook a project to help position state, local, and tribal agencies to proactively manage a changed and continually changing police environment. The four promising-practice monographs listed below were published in September 2005 and are available from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, http://www.ncjrs.gov/

Assessing and Managing the Terrorism Threat (NCJ 210680)
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210680.pdf
Engaging the Private Sector To Promote Homeland Security: Law Enforcement-Private Security Partnerships (NCJ 210678)
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210678.pdf
Intelligence-Led Policing: The New Intelligence Architecture (NCJ 210681)
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210681.pdf
Mutual Aid: Multijurisdictional Partnerships for Meeting Regional Needs (NCJ 210679)
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210679.pdf

IMMIGRATION

Immigration Resources (120 KB)
(2008) (7 pages) (available online only)

This resource list demonstrates the focus of the 2008 Police Foundation conference: The Role of Local Police: Striking A Balance Between Immigration Enforcement and Civil Liberties. This list contains resources discussing immigration issues such as crime and incarceration and economic impact. It also contains articles and reports discussing the role of local and state government entities in enforcing federal immigration laws, along with associated issues, risks, and consequences. Additional resources are included and are categorized by source.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL POLICE: STRIKING A BALANCE BETWEEN IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT AND CIVIL LIBERTIES
(2009) Mary Malina, Editor ISBN 978-1-884614-23-1

This 256-page report presents findings and recommendations from the Police Foundation’s year-long national effort that examined the implications of immigration enforcement at the local level. The project brought together law enforcement executives, policy makers, elected officials, scholars, and community representatives in a series of focus groups across the country and at a national conference in Washington. The report includes research on the rights of undocumented immigrants and the legal framework for enforcement of immigration laws, demographics, immigration and criminality, evaluation of federal efforts to collaborate with local police on immigration enforcement (287(g) program), a national survey of local police immigration policies, the experience of undocumented youth, and a survey of law enforcement executives attending the foundation conference about their views on local immigration enforcement issues.

PATROL

vISSUES IN POLICE PATROL: A BOOK OF READINGS (1973). Thomas J. Sweeney and William Ellingsworth, editors.
$25.00 (347 pages)

A collection of articles that seek to answer some fundamental questions about patrol: What is patrol? What is good patrol? How does one measure the effectiveness of patrol? Produced in cooperation with the Kansas City (Missouri) Police Department.

KANSAS CITY PREVENTIVE PATROL EXPERIMENT: A SUMMARY REPORT (336KB) (1974). George L. Kelling, Tony Pate, Duane Dieckman, and Charles E. Brown.
(available online only)

This landmark experiment found that traditional routine patrol in marked police cars does not appear to affect the level of crime. Nor does it affect the public's feeling of security. The experiment demonstrated that urban police departments can successfully test patrol deployment strategies, and that they can manipulate patrol resources without jeopardizing public safety.

KANSAS CITY PREVENTIVE PATROL EXPERIMENT: A TECHNICAL REPORT (1975). George L. Kelling, Tony Pate, Duane Dieckman, and Charles E. Brown.
$60.00 (910 pages)

Full technical report of the project described above.

PATROL STAFFING IN SAN DIEGO: ONE- OR TWO-OFFICER UNITS (1977).
John E. Boydstun, Michael E. Sherry, and Nicholas P. Moelter.
$12.60 (228 pages)

Compares groups of one- and two-officer units operating in similar, and sometimes hazardous, areas of San Diego and concludes that, at least in San Diego, it is more efficient and safe, and just as effective for the police to staff patrol cars with one officer as with two.

vPOLICE RESPONSE TIME: ITS DETERMINANTS AND EFFECTS (1976). Tony Pate, Amy Ferrara, Robert A. Bowers, Jon Lorence.
$5.00 (66 pages)

Suggests that the length of time the police take in responding to citizens' calls for service is not always a strong, direct factor affecting citizen satisfaction with police service.

THREE APPROACHES TO CRIMINAL APPREHENSION IN KANSAS CITY: AN EVALUATION REPORT (1976). Tony Pate, Robert A. Bowers, and Ron Parks.
$10.50 (124 pages)

Regularly provided data on known serious offenders to patrol units through a crime information center produced increased arrests among those offenders.

PERSONNEL
(EDUCATION, PERFORMANCE, RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, TRAINING)

THE BIG SIX: POLICING AMERICA'S LARGEST CITIES (1991). Antony Pate and Edwin E. Hamilton.
$20.00 (262 pages)

This exhaustive 262-page report compares the policies, procedures, and practices of the nation's six largest police departments: Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and Philadelphia. The study, conducted in cooperation with all six departments, illustrates the many similarities and differences among them. Over 200 graphs and tables present data on the nature of the six cities and their police agencies.

THE DALLAS EXPERIENCE (1978).
Mary Ann Wycoff and George L. Kelling.
vVolume I: Organizational Reform $10.00 (114 pages)
Volume II: Human Resources Development
$15.00 (186 pages) (limited copies)

Describes the political and organizational history of a failed attempt to bring about radical change in a major American police department. Volume I analyzes the history of the project, the problems that developed, and the impact of those problems on attaining the goals of the project. Volume II describes the formal empirical evaluation of the Dallas Police Department human resources develop-ment program, and provides the results.

GUIDELINES AND PAPERS FROM THE NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POLICE LABOR RELATIONS (1974).
$10.00 (77 pages)

Papers developed during a symposium sponsored by the Police Foundation, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, and the Labor Relations Management Service. Contains the policy recommendations on police labor issues from a group of police chiefs, city managers, mayors, county executives, and union officials.

KANSAS CITY PEER REVIEW PANEL: AN EVALUATION REPORT (1976). Tony Pate, Jack W. McCullough, Robert A. Bowers, and Amy Ferrara.
$10.00 (101 pages)

This report evaluates the peer review of officers who have received a large number of citizen complaints. Produced in cooperation with the Midwest Research Institute.

vTHE NEW YORK CITY POLICE CADET CORPS EVALUATION TECHNICAL REPORT (1992).
Antony Pate and Edwin E. Hamilton.
$15.00 (126 pages)

Technical report of the study of a New York City Police Department program that employed innovative recruitment techniques to increase the number of college educated police officers. The study was funded by the National Institute of Justice and carried out in cooperation with the NYPD.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN POLICE DEPARTMENTS (1977). Frank J. Landy.
$10.00 (48 pages)

Considers the technical aspects of evaluating a police officer's performance, including the characteristics of evaluation forms and the uses of appraisal information.

POLICE CHIEF SELECTION: A HANDBOOK FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT (1976). Michael J. Kelly.
$15.00 (155 pages)

Provides a general discussion of the problems and possibilities of police chief selection, some convenient checklists of issues arising during chief selection, and specific examples of selection procedures and documents used by municipal executives and search groups.

THE POLICE AND INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT: THIRD-PARTY INTERVENTION APPROACHES (1976). Morton Bard and Joseph Zacker.
$10.00 (59 pages)

Based on a study involving 20 police officers in the Norwalk, Connecticut, Department of Police Services. Concludes that repeated use of three selected intervention approaches—authority, negotiation, and counseling—led a majority of test officers to decide that negotiation was the most important approach for police recruits to learn.

POLICE OFFICER HEIGHT AND SELECTED ASPECTS OF PERFORMANCE (1975). Thomas W. White and Peter B. Bloch.
$10.00 (120 pages)

Offers findings about perceived and misperceived relationships between height and performance.

POLICE PERSONNEL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS: THE BAY AREA EXPERIENCE (1976). William J. Baer.
$10.00 (58 pages)

Guide to developing and carrying out personnel exchange programs among police departments, based on the experience of six California Bay Area police departments.

POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THE DALLAS AND DADE COUNTY EXPERIENCES (1977). Wayne F. Cascio.
$10.00 (55 pages)

Discusses the technical aspect of implementing police personnel management systems, including needs analysis, system objectives, and the problems and costs involved.

POLICE PRACTICES: THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE SURVEY (1978). John F. Heaphy, editor.
$15.00 (234 pages)

Published in cooperation with the Kansas City, Missouri Police Department and with the assistance of the Police Executive Research Forum. An expanded version of the General Administrative Survey begun by the Kansas City Department in 1951.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGHER EDUCATION FOR POLICE OFFICERS (1979).
$10.00 (115 pages)

Deliberations of panels composed of representatives of police organizations and agencies, community advocates, and educators to examine the future of higher education for police. Developed in cooperation with the National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers and the Office of Criminal Justice Education and Training.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS IN POLICING (621KB)
March 2003. by Rachel Boba. (64 pages) ISBN 1-884614-18-3
(Click on the above link for the PDF version or click here to order printed version.)

READINGS ON PRODUCTIVITY IN POLICING (1975). Joan L. Wolfle and John F. Heaphy, editors.
$10.00 (149 pages) (limited copies available)

Collection of articles that examine ways that departments can measure and increase their productivity within limited budgets.

RECONCILING HIGHER EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS AND MINORITY RECRUITMENT: THE NEW YORK CITY MODEL. (251KB) A Police Foundation Report (September 1992).
FREE ($5.00 Shipping and handling)

Report of findings of a study of New York City's innovative Police Cadet Corps. The study found that police departments could improve levels of education and simultaneously increase minority representation.

SELECTION THROUGH ASSESSMENT CENTERS: A TOOL FOR POLICE DEPARTMENTS (1977). Roger Reinke.
$10.00 (45 pages)

Informs police personnel managers and executives about the assessment center technique for selecting and promoting police officers.

PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES

CATCHING CAREER CRIMINALS: THE WASHINGTON, DC, REPEAT OFFENDER PROJECT (ROP), A Police Foundation Report. (232 KB). (1986). Susan E. Martin and Lawrence W. Sherman. (25 pages). Printed copies available for $5.00.

Two facts have been central to the debate on controlling street crime. First, a relatively small number of career criminals commit a disproportionate amount of crime. Second, prisons are overcrowded. The combination of these two factors has spurred interest in focusing police resources on catching the most active and dangerous chronic offenders. This is the report of the Police Foundation’s evaluation of the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Police Department’s project to apprehend career criminals.

COMPSTAT IN PRACTICE: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THREE CITIES (2004). James J. Willis, Stephen D. Mastrofski, and David Weisburd. (96 pages/705 kb) (available online only).

vTHE ROLE OF MUNICIPAL POLICE: RESEARCH AS PRELUDE TO CHANGING IT. Executive Summary (1982). Mary Ann Wycoff.
$5.00 (58 pages)

This monograph examines the capacity of existing empirical data about the police function to answer the following questions: (1) what do municipal police in the U.S. actually do? (2) what do citizens and police believe the police do? and (3) what do citizens and police believe the police should do?

MANAGING INVESTIGATIONS: THE ROCHESTER SYSTEM (1976). Peter B. Bloch and James Bell.
$10.00 (86 pages)

Examines why patrol officers and detectives working in teams in Rochester, New York, were having more overall success in solving crimes than were detectives operating in traditional ways

A MULTIJURISDICTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT AND DATA COLLECTION IN KANSAS (1.21MB) February 2003. (182 pages)

Though the practice of racial profiling is common knowledge, attempts to prove its existence have relied mainly on anecdotal accounts and piecemeal, though suggestive, evidence. The campaign for systematic data collection on traffic stops gained momentum in 1999, following allegations that New Jersey state police engaged in a pattern of discriminatory traffic enforcement. Since that time, jurisdictions across the country have begun to examine their own enforcement practices. The State of Kansas commissioned this study to collect information on the nature, character, and demographics of police enforcement practices.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS IN POLICING (621KB)
March 2003. by Rachel Boba. (64 pages) ISBN 1-884614-18-3
(Click on the above link for the PDF version or click here to order printed version.)

THE QUALITY OF POLICE ARREST STATISTICS. (275KB) A Police Foundation Report (August 1984). Lawrence W. Sherman, Barry D. Glick. (available online only)
Free ($5.00 shipping and handling)

For both operational planning and basic research, arrest data are an indispensable tool. This report shows how and why arrest statistics are not comparable across police departments.

RANDOM DIGIT DIALING: LOWERING THE COST OF VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS (1976). Alfred J. Tuchfarber and William R. Klecka.
$10.00 (157 pages)

Shows that police agencies and researchers, for a fraction of the cost of standard, expensive, face-to-face surveys, can use equally effective telephone surveys to measure crime in their communities.

SAN DIEGO FIELD INTERROGATIONS: FINAL REPORT (1975). John E. Boydstun.
$10.50 (131 pages)

Results of an experiment, evaluated by the System Development Corporation, showing that police field interrogation as practiced in San Diego is helpful in deterring certain crimes, particularly those committed by youths in groups.

STOP. SHOULD YOU ARREST THAT PERSON? (1987). Hubert Williams, Brian Forst, and Edwin E. Hamilton.
FREE ($5.00 Shipping and handling)

An experiment testing the effect of arrest on a sample of 1,600 shoplifting offenders. This is a reprint from Security Management magazine.

USE OF FORCE

Whether abuse of police authority is a necessary byproduct of efforts to reduce and control crime;
What types of abuse and attitudes toward abuse are observed in their departments, including the code of silence, whistle blowing, and the extent to which a citizen's race, demeanor, and class affect the way police officers treat them;
What strategies or tactics-including first-line supervision, community policing, citizen review boards, and training-do police officers consider to be effective means of preventing police abuse of authority.

OFFICER BEHAVIOR IN POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTERS: A DESCRIPTIVE MODEL AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LESS-THAN-LETHAL ALTERNATIVES. (286KB) A Police Foundation Report (September 1996). Karen L. Amendola.
$5.00 (7 pages)

A descriptive model of police-citizen encounters and the role of the police officer in them is presented in this report. This model is built on the understanding that in determining influences on officer behavior, it is more important to focus on risk factors present in all these encounters rather than simply on the type of situation. This report is part of a larger study which analyzed data concerning several types of police-citizen encounters to ascertain characteristics of those encounters, paying particular attention to how control tactics and technologies might be applied.

POLICE SHOOTINGS AND THE PROSECUTOR IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY: AN EVALUATION OF OPERATION ROLLOUT (1981).
Craig D. Uchida, Lawrence W. Sherman, and James J. Fyfe.
$15.00 (72 pages)

This report evaluates Operation Rollout, a program of the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office for investigating shooting incidents involving police officers. Under Operation Rollout, a deputy district attorney and district attorney investigator were called at any hour of day or night to evaluate the wounding or killing of citizens by police.

POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE (1977). Catherine H. Milton, Jeanne Wahl Halleck, James Lardner, and Gary L. Abrecht.
$10.00 (194 pages)

Based on an extensive review of literature on the subject of police use of deadly force and a survey of seven major cities. Police departments differ widely in their policies governing the use of deadly force, but in most large cities there appears to be increased restraint in police use of firearms.

POLICE USE OF FORCE: OFFICIAL REPORTS, CITIZEN COMPLAINTS, AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES (1993).
Antony M. Pate and Lorie A. Fridell, with the assistance of Edwin E. Hamilton.
$25.00, two-volume set (360 pages) ISBN 1-884614-00-0

A 360-page report of the first nationwide survey of law enforcement agencies regarding (1) the extent to which police use force, (2) the policies and procedures governing the use of force, (3) the rates and dispositions of citizen complaints, (4) the characteristics of officers and citizens involved in those complaints, and (5) civil suits and criminal charges stemming from alleged excessive force. It provides a baseline for future analyses of these matters.

READINGS ON POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE (1982). James J. Fyfe, editor.
$15.00 (316 pages)

An anthology of major articles from some of the nation's leading experts on police authority to use deadly force.

SOCIAL THEORY AND THE STREET COP: THE CASE OF DEADLY FORCE (116KB) Ideas in American Policing series. (Number 7, June 2005). David Klinger

Officer-involved shootings are low-frequency events, yet they are an enduring public concern with often profound social consequences. In this monograph, David Klinger examines how social theory can help officers to deal better with violent incidents and other potentially threatening situations. It also explains how social theory can help the public to understand better what they can realistically expect from those who have sworn to serve and protect them.

WOMEN IN POLICING

ON THE MOVE: THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN POLICING (1990). Susan E. Martin. $15.00 (197 pages)

Documents the greater role that women have come to play in policing since Police Foundation research a decade earlier proved that women could be effective patrol officers. Surveys 446 police departments and all state agencies; reveals women have made major inroads into policing in a relatively short period of time. It also suggests, however, that much more progress needs to be made. Recommendations and tables interspersed throughout the chapters.

The summary report of this research is available online.

POLICEWOMEN ON PATROL (1974). Peter B. Bloch and Deborah Anderson.
vVolume I - $10.00 (65 pages)
Volume II (Methodology, Tables, and Measurement Instruments) - $20.00 (258 pages)
Final Report - $15.00 (67 pages)

This study demonstrates that gender is not a valid reason to bar women from patrol work. Women perform patrol tasks as well as men. The attitudes and behaviors of some male officers, however, may create personnel problems if not properly addressed by managers.

WOMEN IN POLICING: A MANUAL (1974). Catherine Higgs Milton, Ava Abramowitz, Laura Crites, Margaret Gates, Ellen Mintz, and Georgette Sandler.
$15.00 (100 pages)

Includes discussion of basic issues about the role of women—such as recruitment, training selection development of operational guidelines, promotions, and performance—as well as the resistance that women encounter.

WOMEN IN POLICING: A PROGRESS REPORT (1981). Cynthia G. Sulton and Roi D. Townsey.
$15.00 (113 pages)

Explores the extent to which women are employed as sworn officers in state and municipal police departments across the U.S. Analyzes the effects of specific personnel practices designed to support full employment of women in policing.

WOMEN ON THE MOVE? A REPORT ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN POLICING. (414KB) A Police Foundation Report (May 1989). Susan E. Martin.
FREE ($5.00 Shipping and handling)

Eight-page summary of full report, On the Move: The Status of Women in Policing.

Books Published by Other Presses

The Police Foundation has sponsored scholarly research and writing that has been published by external publishers. To order these volumes, please contact the publisher or a bookseller.

Abscam Ethics: Moral Issues and Deception in Law Enforcement (1983)
Gerald M. Caplan, Editor
Ballinger Publishing Company
Box 281, 54 Church Street
Cambridge, MA 02138

Police Personnel Administration (1976)
O. Glenn Stahl and Richard A. Staufenberger, Editors
Duxbury Press (Wadsworth Publishing Co.)
511 Forest Lodge Rd.
Pacific Grove, CA 93950
www.thomson.com/duxbury/
Phone number (408) 373-0728

Progress in Policing: Essays on Change (1980)
Richard A. Staufenberger, Editor
Ballinger Publishing Co.
Box 281, 54 Church Street
Cambridge, MA 02138

The New Blue Line: Police Innovation in Six American Cities (1986)
by Jerome H. Skolnick and David H. Bayley
The Free Press
866 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022
www.Simonandschuster.com/thefreepress/
Phone number (212) 632-4986

The Quality of Police Education (1978)
by Lawrence W. Sherman and the National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers
Jossey-Bass, Inc.
350 Sansome St., Fifth Floor
San Francisco, CA 94104
www.pfeiffer.com/index.html
Phone number (415) 433-1740

The Reform of FBI Intelligence Operations (1979)
by John L. Elliff
Princeton University Press
41 William Street
Princeton, NJ 08540
http://pup.princeton.edu
email questions to webmaster@pupress.princeton.edu

Single copies of the following publications are available free of charge. Or click on any link to go directly to an online copy of that document.

IDEAS IN AMERICAN POLICING

This series presents commentary and insight from leading criminologists on issues of interest to scholars, practitioners, and policy makers. The papers published in this series are from the Police Foundation lecture series of the same name. All monographs in this series are available on this web site for printing or downloading. Please click on the links below.

POLICING IN AMERICA: ASSESSMENT AND PROSPECTS (40KB)
David H. Bayley
(February 1998) (8 pages)

David Bayley, former dean of the School of Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Albany, addresses three questions: (1) what is distinctive about American policing? (2) what are the major changes that have occurred in American policing over the last 30 years? and (3) what are the factors currently shaping American policing?

EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING (87KB)
Lawrence W. Sherman
(July 1998) (16 pages)

Lawrence Sherman, former professor and chair of the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland at College Park, examines how the new paradigm of "evidence-based medicine" holds important implications for policing. It suggests that just doing research is not enough and that proactive efforts are required to push accumulated research evidence into practice through national and community guidelines. National pressure to adopt this paradigm could come from agency-ranking studies, but police agency capacity to adopt it will require new data systems creating "medical charts" for crime victims, annual audits of crime reporting systems, and in-house "evidence cops".

POLICING FOR PEOPLE (57KB)
Stephen D. Mastrofski
(March 1999) (12 pages)

Stephen Mastrofski, former professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University, identifies six characteristics that Americans associate with good service from their police: attentiveness, reliability, responsiveness, competence, manners, and fairness. He assesses how police are doing at "policing for people" and offers a reform agenda that promotes its practice.

ON DEMOCRATIC POLICING (43KB)
Jerome H. Skolnick
(August 1999) (8 pages)

From Aristotle to William Bratton, the fundamental principles of democratic policing are explored in this monograph by Jerome Skolnick. Emeritus Professor of Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Policy, UC-Berkeley, and Co-Director, Center for Research in Crime and Justice, NYU Law School, Skolnick examines police strategies and practices that challenge the delicate balance of maintaining public safety without sacrificing basic freedoms.

POLICING ANONYMITY (108KB)
Donald W. Foster
(Number 5, December 2001) (12 pages)

Donald Foster is a professor of English at Vassar College. In his "other life" as an attributional expert, Professor Foster works with law enforcement agencies and the media to determine authorship of disputed documents, including forgeries, threats, ransom notes, and anonymous tips. He is best known for identifying Joe Klein as the author of the best-selling anonymous novel, Primary Colors, and for identifying Shakespeare as the writer of a previously unattributed funeral poem.

In Policing Anonymity, Professor Foster discusses the kinds of problems posed by anonymous writings in criminal investigations, and how best to address those problems from the crime scene to the courtroom.

POLICE DEPARTMENTS AS LEARNING LABORATORIES (140 KB)
Edward R. Maguire
(Number 6, August 2004) (16 pages)

Police agencies are often unable to state with any degree of precision how their performance has changed over time or how it compares with their peers. In the sixth monograph in the Police Foundation’s Ideas in American Policing series, Edward Maguire, Associate Professor in the Administration of Justice program at George Mason University, proposes how police agencies can make greater use of information and measurement to enhance their capacity for organizational learning and assessment.

Please click here for the Portuguese version: Departamentos de Polícia como Laboratórios de Aprendizagem (122 KB)

SOCIAL THEORY AND THE STREET COP: THE CASE OF DEADLY FORCE (116KB)
David Klinger
(Number 7, June 2005) (16 pages)

David Klinger is Associate Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Missouri-St. Louis and a former Los Angeles and Redmond (WA) police officer. In this monograph, he explores the dynamics of police-citizen encounters, and examines how social scientific theory can influence police officers’ use of deadly force as well as the public’s understanding of the social reality of deadly force in our society.

LAW ENFORCEMENT FOR LAWABIDERS (117KB)
Tracey L. Meares
(Number 8, January 2007) (8 pages)

Why do people comply with the law? Professor Tracey Meares of Yale University explores the power of private social control in controlling and reducing crime. By employing strategies that enhance legitimacy and accountability, police can be catalysts for promoting lawabiding behavior, particularly in crime-plagued communities.

PLACE-BASED POLICING (439 KB)
David Weisburd
(Number 9, January 2008) (16 pages)

The core practices of policing assume that people, whether victims or offenders, are the key units of police work, but police in recent years have also begun to think about the situations and places that are the context of crime. In this essay, Professor David Weisburd argues that police should put places rather than people at the center of police practices. Place-based policing, Weisburd explains, is more efficient as a focus of police actions; provides a more stable target for police activities; has a stronger evidence base; and raises fewer ethical and legal problems. He suggests practical ways in which places can become a key component of the databases that police use, of the geographic organization of police activities, of the strategic approaches that police employ to combat crime and disorder, and in the definitions of the role of the police in urban settings.

POLICE PURSUITS AFTER SCOTT V HARRIS: FAR FROM IDEAL? (260 KB)
Geoffrey P. Alpert and William C. Smith
(Number 10, June 2008) (16 pages)

Police pursuits remain one of the most dangerous activities in which the police participate. Every high-speed pursuit involves a serious threat to innocent bystanders, officers and suspects. For years, agencies as well as the courts have used the facts and holdings in Tennessee v Garner to determine when deadly force can be used in a pursuit. Since the Garner decision in 1985, it has been understood that the police may not use deadly force to seize a fleeing suspect unless the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to officers or others. This paper looks at the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent analysis of Garner in the Scott v Harris decision and discusses the implications that analysis may have for policing in America.

TRANSLATING POLICE RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE(741 KB)
Cynthia Lum
(Number 11, August 2009) (16 pages)

In one of the first Ideas in American Policing lectures, Lawrence Sherman argued that "...police practices should be based on scientific evidence about what works best" (1998, 2). That is, if the police want to reduce and prevent crime, they have to rely on tactics that are supported by information, analysis, and evidence showing effectiveness. Eleven years later, the idea of evidence-based policing, while seemingly logical and beneficial, has yet to diffuse widely into law enforcement. In her Ideas monograph, Cynthia Lum explores the reasons for the lag in the adoption of evidence-based policing, and introduces a tool, the Evidence-Based Policing Matrix (Lum, Koper and Telep 2009), which may better facilitate translating research into practice. In order for police agencies to move towards evidence-based policing, the underlying research and practice infrastructure that has already been built for such efforts must be capitalized upon and a concerted effort is required between police practitioners, evaluation researchers, and funding agencies

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: CRIME VICTIMS’ WILLINGNESS TO CALL THE POLICE (181 KB)
Candace Kruttschnitt and Kristin Carbone-Lopez
(Number 12, December 2009) (16 pages)

Results from the original victimization survey conducted by the 1967 President’s Crime Commission and the most recent National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) indicate relatively little improvement in citizens’ willingness to call the police when they have been victimized, despite substantial improvements in police recruitment standards and the implementation of community policing. Using data from a sample of women offenders in Minneapolis, who have a low probability of being included in a NCVS, the authors explore who reports crimes to the police and the reasons given for failing to report being victimized. The analyses are confined to crimes of violence perpetrated by intimates, acquaintances, and strangers. Findings indicate both that NCVS data underestimate the extent of non-reporting and that in a substantial number of cases the police failed to respond to citizens’ reports. The authors consider both the practical and theoretical significance of these findings.

Research Briefs: Two-page summaries of selected research projects.

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment

Policewomen on Patrol

Police Responses to Domestic Violence

Police Strategies to Reduce Citizen Fear of Crime

Catching Career Criminals

Arresting Shoplifters

Crime Mapping News

A quarterly newsletter for GIS, crime mapping, and policing

Volume 8, Issue 1 (2.32 MB)
Featured Articles: Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office: Mapping with Text Analysis, by Matthew White, Analysis Head, and Todd Wiles, Crime Analyst II; New Trends in Advanced Crime and Intelligence Analysis: Understanding the Utility and Capabilities of ATAC in Law Enforcement, by Sean Bair, President, Bair Software, Inc.; Highlights of the 2008 International Association of Crime Analysts Conference, by Greg Jones, Research and Crime Mapping Coordinator, Police Foundation Crime Mapping and Problem Analysis Laboratory; Crime Mapping News Spotlight: Port. St. Lucie Police Department. by Michelle Chitolie, and Cheryl Davis, analysts.

Volume 7, Issue 4 (1.77 MB)
Featured Articles: Crime MAPS: Evolution and Revolution, by Julie Wartell, Crime Analysis Administrator, County of San Diego District Attorney; RCAGIS in Baltimore and Surrounding Areas: Cross Jurisdictional Data Sharing on a Grassroots Level, by Agent Jeffrey Cooper and Major Paul Herman, Baltimore City Police Department; Highlights of the NIJ MAPS Crime Mapping Research Conference, by Greg Jones; Crime Mapping News Spotlight: George Mason University Geographic Information Sciences Professional Certificate Program

Volume 7, Issue 3 (4.79 MB)
Featured articles: Crime Mapping at the Washington/Baltimore HIDTA; Incident Mapping: The Ultimate Contraband Control; Spotlight: Johnson City, TN, Police Department; Book Review: GIS and Crime Mapping.

Volume 7, Issue 2 (2.07 MB)
Featured articles: GIS for a Homeland Security Event: The Democratic National Convention; Influential Mapping Using GIS in a Small City: How to Convey Your Plans Clearly and Concisely; CrimeStat III; Spotlight: Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office; Highlights of Recent Crime Mapping Conferences.

Volume 7, Issue 1 (2005) (307 KB)
Featured articles: Combating Campus Crime with Mapping and Analysis, by George F. Rengert, PhD, Professor of Criminal Justice, Temple University; and Robert Lowell, Captain, Temple University Police Department; Incident Mapping and Analysis on the North Carolina State University Campus, by Lt. Col. John Dailey, Sgt. Jon Barnwell, and Sgt. Ed Farmer, North Carolina State University Police Department; Crime Mapping News Spotlight: St. Cloud State University

Fall 2004 (653 KB)
Featured articles: Why Map Prisoner Reentry?, by Nancy La Vigne, PhD, Senior Research Associate, The Urban Institute; Informing a Neighborhood Approach to Reentry: The Winston-Salem Reentry Mapping Network Project, by Sylvia Oberle, Executive Director, Center for Community Safety, Winston-Salem State University; Highlights of the International Association of Crime Analysts Conference; and What Are Crime Analysts Doing?, the results of the Police Foundation Crime Mapping and Problem Analysis Laboratory’s national needs assessment survey

Summer 2004 (1,020 KB)
This issue of Crime Mapping News is about the use of crime mapping and crime analysis to address gang-related activity in diverse environments. This issue begins with an introductory article about important factors to consider when creating gang maps for analysis. The second article discusses the use of mapping in analyzing a specific gang whose activity and culture have spread nationwide. The third article describes an intelligence process utilized in combination with crime mapping to combat both gang activity and networking between gang members inside and outside of a correctional institution in the eastern U.S.

Spring 2004 (730 KB)
This issue, the second of 2004, contains articles on the use of global positioning systems (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in law enforcement. The first article in this issue is about the use of GPS and GIS in the state of North Carolina and focuses on truck crashes and commercial vehicle enforcement. The second article is about the use of GPS-enabled digital cameras to analyze gang-related graffiti incidents in Santa Monica, CA. Finally, the third article is a recap of the recent International Crime Mapping Research Conference that took place on March 2004 in Boston, MA.

Winter 2004 (544 KB)
This issue, the first of 2004, contains articles on a variety of topics, including a discussion about a crime reduction partnership that has been established in the UK; a crime mapping application developed for a police department in Illinois; and highlights of the 2003 International Association of Crime Analysts Conference held in Kansas City, Missouri, in October 2003. Also included is an introduction to the new director of the Crime Mapping and Problem Analysis Laboratory at the Police Foundation.

Summer 2003. Featured articles: Project Safe Neighborhoods: An Overview, by Greg Jones, Graduate Research Intern, Police Foundation; Project Safe Neighborhoods and Problem Solving: The Indianapolis Experience, by Edmund F. McGarrell, Director and Professor, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University; Applying a Problem-Solving Method in a High-Crime City: The St. Louis Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative, by Scott H. Decker, Shannan M. Catalano, and G. David Curry, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis.
Spring 2003. Featured articles: Conference Summary: Sixth Annual International Crime Mapping Research Conference; CrimeStat II, by Ned Levine, PhD, Director of Ned Levine and Associates; Mapping Evil—The Impact of the Crimes of Dr. Harold Shipman, by Spencer Chainey, Head of Consultancy Services for InfoTech Enterprises Europe; and ¿Se Habla Español? Reconciling Geocoding Conflict Between Census Street Files and ESRI Software, by Gisela Bichler-Robertson, PhD, Director, and Jamie Conley, GIS Research Assistant for the Crime Prevention Analysis Lab,California State University, San Bernardino.

Winter 2003. Special Issue: This special issue of Crime Mapping News presents the executive summary of the report, Problem Analysis in Policing. Written and published by the Police Foundation through funding from the US Department of Justice’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), the report introduces and defines problem analysis and provides guidance on how problem analysis can be integrated and institutionalized into modern policing practices.
The full, 64-page report, Problem Analysis in Policing, is available online. Or, click here to order a printed copy.
Fall 2002. Featured Articles: Overview: Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategies (COMPASS), by Erin Dalton, former NIJ social sciences analyst; The Seattle COMPASS Project Privacy Council, by Gerald Sidorowicz, Seattle COMPASS Project Director; The Milwaukee COMPASS Project, by Jim Pingel, COMPASS Project Director; Memphis Community Safety Information System; The East Valley COMPASS Project.
Summer 2002. Featured articles: "Using 3D Urban Models and Tools to Assist in Public Safety and Provide Law Enforcement Solutions," by Harris Corporation and the Jacksonville, FL, Sheriff's Office; "Geographic Profiling: A New Tool for Crime Analysts," by Ian Laverty and Philip MacLaren of Environmental Criminology Research Inc. (ECRI); and the complete answers to the "Crime Analysis Challenge."

Spring 2002 . Featured articles: "Summary: Problem Analysis Forum 2002," by Rachel Boba, PhD, Director of the Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory; an excerpt from "Primary Data Collection: A Problem-Solving Necessity," by Karin Schmerler, Research Analyst for the Chula Vista Police Department and Mary Velasco, Research Associate in the Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory; "Summary: Advanced Crime Mapping and Analysis Symposium;" and truncated answers to the "Crime Analysis Challenge."

Winter 2002 . Featured articles: Closing the Barn Door: Police Counterterrorism After 9-11 From the Analystís Perspective, by Dan Helms, Crime Analyst for the Las Vegas, NV, Police Department and former Air Force Intelligence Analyst; Incident-Level GIS, by Jim Howard, President of Disaster Engineering Software Consultants (DESC), Inc.; Anne Arundel County Police Department Brings Mapping to Crime Analysis, by T.A. ìMickeyî Finn and Ken Aung, ARCBridge Consulting & Training, Inc.; Terrorism Information Web Sites; and the Crime Analysis Challenge.

Fall 2001. Featured articles: Crime and Disorder Partnership Targets Drug and Alcohol-Related Crime: London Borough of Harrow (UK), by Craig Shephard, GIS Development Officer, Community Safety Unit, London Borough of Harrow; Mapping Narcotics Activity Information: Linking Patrol and Investigations, by Kurt Smith, Operational Support Administration, San Diego, CA, Police Department; Stealth Predator Patterns, by D. Kim Rossmo, Director of Research, Police Foundation, and Anne Davies, Police Foundation Fellow (New Scotland Yard); Crime View® Internet at the Redlands Police Department, by Beth Shulman, Business and Marketing Manager, The Omega Group.

Summer 2001. Featured articles: Evaluating a Crime Mapping Web Site, an evaluation of the ARJIS mapping Web site in San Diego County, CA, by Julie Wartell, Institute for Law and Justice; The Austin Police Department's Crime Mapping Viewer, by Al Johnson, Austin Police Department; Crime Mapping Goes Hollywood: CBS's The District Demonstrates Crime Mapping to Millions of TV Viewers, by Jesse Theodore, ESRI; Crime Map Tutorial, by Lauri M. Velotta, Crime Mapping Research Center, National Institute of Justice.

Spring 2001. Featured articles: Mapping Our Schools Makes Sense: Creating a Tactical Plan for School Violence Using GIS, by Bob Feliciano of the Rio Hondo Community College Public Safety Training Center. School COP: Software for Analyzing and Mapping School Incidents, By Thomas F. Rich of Abt Associates, Inc. The Winston-Salem/Police Foundation Safe Schools Partnership, by Mary Velasco of the Police Foundation Crime Mapping Laboratory. San Diego: Mapping Schools and Beyond, by Deena Bowman-Jamieson and Kurt Smith of the San Diego, CA Police Department. School Safety Bibliography, by Jim Griffin of the Police Foundation Crime Mapping Laboratory.

Winter 2001. Featured articles: International Crime Mapping: Caveats and Considerations, by Jim Griffin of the Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory. Mapping Crime Scenes and Cellular Telephone Usage in South Africa, by Antony K. Cooper and Peter M.U. Schmitz of the Division of Information and Communications Technology, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. Using GIS to Examine Maritime Corporate Crime: A Study of Philippine Passenger Ship Accidents, by Dr. Gisela Bichler-Robertson of California State University, San Bernardino.

Fall 2000. Featured articles: Mapping: A New Direction in Victim Services, by Reagan McClung of the Office of the Texas Attorney General. Applying Theory to Crime Mapping, by Melissa Johnson of the New Jersey State Police. Mapping in Action: Illinois Methamphetamine Risk-Model, by Boyd Butler of the Illinois State Police.

Summer 2000. Featured articles. Statewide Crime Analysis and Mapping: An Ongoing Project, by Dan Bibel, Program Manager, Crime Reporting Unit, Massachusetts State Police. Crime Mapping Data Partnerships: The Sussex (UK) Perspective, by Phil Spivey, Data Exchange & Audit Analyst, West Sussex County Council, and Tom Tyler, Information Analyst, East Sussex County Council. Mapping in Action: Kansas City Community Crime Mapping Initiative, by Carol McCoy, Lenexa, Kansas, Police Department.

Spring 2000. Featured articles: Tactical Crime Analysis and Geographic Information Systems, by Mary Velasco and Dr. Rachel Boba of the Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory. Trendspotting: Serial Crime Detection with GIS, by Dan Helms of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. Mapping in Action: Cambridge, MA Police Department, by Chris Bruce. ATAC: A Tool for Tactical Crime Analysis, by Sean Bair, Director of Bair Software, Research and Consulting.

Winter 2000. Featured articles: Implementing a GIS Application: Lessons Learned in a Law Enforcement Environment, by Col. Ken Hughes, Jefferson Parish Sheriffís Office; Implementing Crime Mapping: Hayward Police Department, by Karen Vincent, Crime Analysis Manager; CrimeStat: A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime Incident Locations, by Ned Levine, PhD. Mapping in Action: Scottsdale Police Department, Starting Up Crime Mapping, by Paul C. Bentley, Crime Analysis Supervisor.

Fall 1999. Featured articles: Crime Mapping and ESRI, by Lew Nelson, Public Safety Coordinator, ESRI, Inc. MapInfo Helps Take a Byte Out of Crime, by Joe Kelly, Public Sector Marketing Manager, MapInfo Corporation. Mapping in Action: Overland Park Police Department, by Gerald Tallman, Susan Wernicke, and Jamie May, Overland Park Police Department.

Summer 1999. Featured Articles: Privacy Issues in the Presentation of Geocoded Data, by Tom Casady, Chief of the Lincoln, Nebraska, Police Department. Mapping in Action: Mesa PD, by John Werner, Crime Analyst with the Mesa, Arizona, Police Department. Technical Discussion: Internet Mapping.

Spring 1999. Featured articles: Free Maps to Drug Law Enforcement Agencies from the National Guard, by Rickey Thomas, second lieutenant and officer in charge of the National Guard Counterdrug Directorate's Digital Mapping Initiative. Mapping in Action: Washington, DC. Success with GIS: In with the new, Out with the old, by Douglas Jones, Metropolitan DC, Police Department. Technical Discussion: Innovative Mapping GPS and GIS.

Winter 1999. Featured articles: Computerized Mapping as a Tool for Problem-Oriented Policing, by Dr. Nancy La Vigne, Director of the Crime Mapping Research Center, National Institute of Justice. Mapping in Action: Lansing PD, by Steve Person, Lieutenant, Lansing, Michigan, Police Department. Technical Discussion: GIS and the Year 2000 Problem.

Order Form