Documents
in the Electronic Library are PDF files and can be downloaded free of
charge. Permission to quote and reproduce Police Foundation copyrighted
material is readily granted for non-commercial, educational purposes.
See Copyright Information for details.
An Assessment of the Preparedness of Private Security in Shopping Malls to Prevent and Respond to Terrorist Attack (497 KB)
Catching
Career Criminals: The Washington, DC, Repeat Offender Project (232
KB)
Compstat
and Organizational Change in the Lowell Police Department: Challenges
and Opportunities (10.2KB)
Compstat
in Practice: An In-Depth Analysis of Three Cities (705KB)
Growth
of Compstat in American Policing (211 KB)
Crime
Mapping News
Crime
Mapping & Problem Analysis Publications
Crime
Mapping in the 21st Century/Overcoming the Barriers
Drugs
and Crime Across America: Police Chiefs Speak Out (2004)
(231 KB)
Drugs
and Crime Across America: Police Chiefs Speak Out (1996) (146
KB)
Guns in America: Results of
a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership and Use
(9.4 MB)
Ideas
in American Policing
Integrated Intelligence and Crime Analysis: Enhanced Information Management for Law Enforcement Leaders (4.3 MB)
The
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (Summary Report) (336
KB)
Mapping for Community-Based Prisoner Reentry Efforts: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement Agencies and Their Partners (6.04 MB)
The
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (266 KB)
A Multijurisdictional Assessment of Traffic Enforcement and Data Collection in Kansas (1.21 MB)
Officer
Behavior in Police-Citizen Encounters: A Descriptive Model and Implications
for Less-than-Lethal Alternatives (286 KB)
Police
Foundation Reports
Prelude
to Project Safe Neighborhoods: The Richmond, Virginia, Experience
(192 KB)
Problem
Analysis in Policing (621 KB)
Preventing Repeat Incidents of Family Violence: A Randomized Field Test of a Second Responder Program in Redlands, California (191 KB)
The
Quality of Police Arrest Statistics (275 KB)
Reconciling
Higher Educational Standards and Minority Recruitment: the New York
City Model (251 KB)
Reducing Fear of Crime in Houston and Newark (420 KB)
Research
Briefs
Richmond’s
Second Responders: Partnering with Police Against Domestic Violence
(266 KB)
Research
Briefs
Spouse
Abuse Research Raises New Questions About Police Response to Domestic
Violence (194 KB)
Women
on the Move? A Report on the Status of Women in Policing (414
KB)
An Assessment of the Preparedness of Private Security in Shopping Malls to Prevent and Respond to Terrorist Attack (497 KB) (January 2006) Robert C. Davis, Christopher Ortiz, Robert Rowe, Joseph Broz, George Rigakos, Pam Collins
(available online only)
The Police Foundation’s final report to the National Institute of Justice, this detailed assessment indicates what malls are doing in the areas of risk assessments, preventive measures, emergency preparedness plans, training, and coordination with state and local government. The comprehensive picture that emerges of the state of security in large retail malls suggests that (a) there are significant gaps in preparedness, (b) there are relatively inexpensive steps that can be taken to fill those gaps, and (c) state homeland security officials and local police as well as mall owners and have a role to play in filling those gaps.
Compstat
and Organizational Change in the Lowell Police Department
Challenges and Opportunities (10.2
MB)
by
James J. Willis, Stephen D. Mastrofski, David Weisburd, Rosann Greenspan
This report examines the special challenges and opportunities that arise
when small departments try to institute a program of organizational
change that originated in much larger agencies. The report serves three
purposes: (1) to provide a detailed description of Lowell’s Compstat
program that should interest police chiefs and other police personnel
who are curious about Compstat; (2) to explain the benefits and challenges
of implementing the various key elements of Compstat; and (3) to use
our knowledge of Lowell to provide some insights into Compstat’s
future in law enforcement.
Compstat
in Practice: An In-Depth Analysis of Three Cities (96 pages/
705 kb)
This report explores
the relationship between the theory and practice of Compstat in three
police departments of different size, organizational structure, and
crime environment. It shows how police managers and officers adapted
their routine tasks and activities to Compstat’s focus on accountability,
innovative problem solving, and crime fighting. The challenges they
faced in doing so reflected the culture of the individual department,
the availability of resources for personnel, the sophistication of technology,
and management’s commitment to the program. The distinct experiences
of the three departments—Lowell, MA; Minneapolis, MN; and Newark,
NJ—reveal Compstat’s complexities, highlight its contributions,
and provide some insights into the direction it is leading U.S. policing.
Growth of Compstat in American Policing (211 KB)
This research-in-brief describes the national survey that assessed the number of U.S. police agencies using Compstat and measured the degree to which the elements of Compstat were part of their routine and structure. This is the second report in a series of three that resulted from the larger, NIJ-funded project, Compstat and Organizational Change: Findings from a National Survey.
Drugs
and Crime Across America: Police Chiefs Speak Out (2004).
(20 pages/231KB)
Drug Strategies
and the Police Foundation commissioned Peter D. Hart Research Associates
to survey the experience of more than 300 police chiefs across the U.S.
who are on the front lines in dealing with drugs. This poll
builds on a similar survey conducted in 1996 and provides important
perspectives on how police chiefs attitudes toward drug enforcement
have changed in the intervening eight years.
Drugs
and Crime Across America: Police Chiefs Speak Out
(1996). (146 KB) presents the results of a Peter D.
Hart Research Associates survey of more than 300 police chiefs across
the nation who are on the "front lines" in dealing with drug
abuse and drug crime. This was a joint project of the Police Foundation
and Drug
Strategies.
Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership and Use. (94 pages/9.4 MB) by Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig (1997)
This report presents new evidence from a comprehensive national survey on guns in America, the National Survey of Private Owner-ship of Firearms (NSPOF). The NSPOF focuses on four central issues: (1) the size, composition, and ownership of America's gun stock; (2) how and why firearms are acquired; (3) gun storage and carrying; and (4) the defensive use of firearms against criminal attackers. Also included are attitudes toward gun-control regulation.
back
to top
IDEAS
IN AMERICAN POLICING
presents commentary and insight from leading criminologists on issues
of interest to practitioners, scholars, and policy makers. The papers
published in this series are from the Police Foundation lecture series
of the same name.
Policing
in America: Assessment and Prospects (40KB)
David H. Bayley
(February 1998) (8 pages)
David Bayley,
former dean of the School of Criminal Justice at the State University
of New York at Albany, addresses three questions: (1) what is distinctive
about American policing? (2) what are the major changes that have
occurred in American policing over the last 30 years? and (3) what
are the factors currently shaping American policing?
Evidence-Based
Policing (87KB)
Lawrence
W. Sherman
(July 1998) (16 pages)
Lawrence Sherman,
former professor and chair of the Department of Criminology and Criminal
Justice at the University of Maryland at College Park, examines how
the new paradigm of "evidence-based medicine" holds important
implications for policing. It suggests that just doing research is
not enough and that proactive efforts are required to push accumulated
research evidence into practice through national and community guidelines.
National pressure to adopt this paradigm could come from agency-ranking
studies, but police agency capacity to adopt it will require new data
systems creating "medical charts" for crime victims, annual
audits of crime reporting systems, and in-house "evidence cops".
Policing
For People (57KB)
Stephen
D. Mastrofski
(March 1999) (12 pages)
Stephen Mastrofski,
former professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State
University, identifies six characteristics that Americans associate
with good service from their police: attentiveness, reliability, responsiveness,
competence, manners, and fairness. He assesses how police are doing
at "policing for people" and offers a reform agenda that
promotes its practice.
On
Democratic Policing (43KB)
Jerome
H. Skolnick
(August 1999) (8 pages)
From Aristotle
to William Bratton, the fundamental principles of democratic policing
are explored in this monograph by Jerome Skolnick. Emeritus Professor
of Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Policy, UC-Berkeley, and Co-Director,
Center for Research in Crime and Justice, NYU Law School, Skolnick
examines police strategies and practices that challenge the delicate
balance of maintaining public safety without sacrificing basic freedoms.
Policing
Anonymity (108KB)
Donald W. Foster
(Number 5, December 2001) (12 pages)
Donald Foster
is a professor of English at Vassar College. In his "other life"
as an attributional expert, Professor Foster works with law enforcement
agencies and the media to determine authorship of disputed documents,
including forgeries, threats, ransom notes, and anonymous tips. He
is best known for identifying Joe Klein as the author of the best-selling
anonymous novel, Primary Colors, and for identifying Shakespeare
as the writer of a previously unattributed funeral poem.
In Policing
Anonymity, Professor Foster discusses the kinds of problems posed
by anonymous writings in criminal investigations, and how best to
address those problems from the crime scene to the courtroom.
Police Departments as Learning Laboratories (140 KB)
Edward R. Maguire
(Number 6, August 2004) (16 pages)
Police agencies are often unable to state with any degree of precision how their performance has changed over time or how it compares with their peers. In the sixth monograph in the Police Foundation’s Ideas in American Policing series, Edward Maguire, Associate Professor in the Administration of Justice program at George Mason University, proposes how police agencies can make greater use of information and measurement to enhance their capacity for organizational learning and assessment.
Please click here for the Portuguese version: Departamentos de Polícia como Laboratórios de Aprendizagem (122 KB)
Social
Theory and the Street Cop: The Case of Deadly Force (116KB)
David Klinger
(Number 7, June 2005) (16 pages)
David Klinger
is Associate Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the
University of Missouri-St. Louis and a former Los Angeles and Redmond
(WA) police officer. In this monograph, he explores the dynamics of
police-citizen encounters, and examines how social scientific theory
can influence police officers’ use of deadly force as well as
the public’s understanding of the social reality of deadly force
in our society.
Law Enforcement for Lawabiders (117KB)
Tracey L. Meares (Number 8, January 2007) (8 pages)
Why do people comply with the law? Professor Tracey Meares of Yale University explores the power of private social control in controlling and reducing crime. By employing strategies that enhance legitimacy and accountability, police can be catalysts for promoting lawabiding behavior, particularly in crime-plagued communities.
Place-Based Policing (439 KB)
David Weisburd
(Number 9, January 2008) (16 pages)
The core practices of policing assume that people, whether victims or offenders, are the key units of police work, but police in recent years have also begun to think about the situations and places that are the context of crime. In this essay, Professor David Weisburd argues that police should put places rather than people at the center of police practices. Place-based policing, Weisburd explains, is more efficient as a focus of police actions; provides a more stable target for police activities; has a stronger evidence base; and raises fewer ethical and legal problems. He suggests practical ways in which places can become a key component of the databases that police use, of the geographic organization of police activities, of the strategic approaches that police employ to combat crime and disorder, and in the definitions of the role of the police in urban settings.
Integrated Intelligence and Crime Analysis: Enhanced Information Management for Law Enforcement Leaders (2007) (48 pages) (4.3 MB) (Printed copies available for a $5 shipping and handling charge.)
by Jerry H. Ratcliffe
Data and information about the criminal environment and criminal activity abound: the challenge is to corral this wealth of data into knowledge that can enhance decision making, improve strategies to combat crime, and increase crime prevention benefits. In other words, the aim is to convert data and information into actionable intelligence. This report is designed to identify the key challenges limiting criminal intelligence sharing, the aims of the integrated analysis model, and the way that all police departments, big or small, can work individually and collectively towards the new intelligence-led policing paradigm of modern policing.
The
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (Summary Report)
(336 KB)
by George Kelling, Tony Pate, Duane Dieckman, and Charles Brown.
(available online only)
This landmark experiment
found that traditional routine patrol in marked police cars does not
appear to affect the level of crime, nor does it affect the public’s
feeling of security, thus refuting a tradition that had prevailed in
policing for almost 150 years. The experiment demonstrated that urban
police departments can successfully test patrol deployment strategies
and that they can manipulate patrol resources without jeopardizing public
safety.
Mapping for Community-Based Prisoner Reentry Efforts: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement Agencies and Their Partners (2007) (44 Pages) (6.04 MB) (Printed copies are available from the Police Foundation for a $5.00 shipping and handling charge.)
by Nancy G. La Vigne
Prisoner reentry-the process of individuals leaving prison and jail and returning to the community-is a topic of increasing concern to law enforcement agencies across the country. With more than 650,000 prisoners returning to society each year, prisoner reentry poses many challenges to the communities involved, including an increased risk to public safety and a limited availability of jobs, housing, and social services for the returning prisoners. Mapping can provide valuable information on how prisoner reentry is affecting local communities, and the extent to which existing resources and services are addressing the needs of reentering populations.
The purpose of this guidebook is to explore ways in which mapping can aid police responses to prisoner reentry. This guidebook raises and answers a series of questions designed to walk the reader through the logic of why and how police can take an active role in prisoner reentry efforts and how mapping can aid in those efforts. It describes the reasons behind, and strategies for, engaging in data-sharing partnerships with corrections agencies, followed by a description of useful maps that can be produced. Special attention is paid to describing the various obstacles both to forging reentry partnerships and to mapping reentry data and how those obstacles can be surmounted. The guidebook closes with a discussion of how police agencies, in partnership with corrections, service providers, and community representatives, can use maps to influence changes in policies, practices, and procedures to better enhance public safety by reducing recidivism among released prisoners and apprehending those who do recidivate swiftly and efficiently.
A Multijurisdictional Assessment of Traffic Enforcement and Data Collection in Kansas
(1.21 MB)
Though the practice of racial profiling is common knowledge, attempts to prove its existence have relied mainly on anecdotal accounts and piecemeal, though suggestive, evidence. The campaign for systematic data collection on traffic stops gained momentum in 1999, following allegations that New Jersey state police engaged in a pattern of discriminatory traffic enforcement. Since that time, jurisdictions across the country have begun to examine their own enforcement practices. The State of Kansas commissioned this study to collect information on the nature, character, and demographics of police enforcement practices.
back
to top
POLICE
FOUNDATION REPORTS
research-in-briefs of selected foundation research
projects
Catching
Career Criminals: The Washington, DC, Repeat Offender Project (ROP)
(232 KB) (1986)
by Susan E. Martin and Lawrence W. Sherman.
Two facts have
been central to the debate on controlling street crime. First, a relatively
small number of career criminals commit a disproportionate amount of
crime. Second, prisons are overcrowded. The combination of these two
factors has spurred interest in focusing police resources on catching
the most active and dangerous chronic offenders. This is the report
of the Police Foundation’s evaluation of the Washington, DC, Metropolitan
Police Department’s project to apprehend career criminals.
The
Growth of Compstat in American Policing: A Police Foundation Report
(211 KB) (available online only) (April 2004)
by David Weisburd, Stephen D. Mastrofski, Rosann Greenspan, and James
J. Willis
This research-in-brief describes the national survey that assessed the
number of U.S. police agencies using Compstat and measured the degree
to which the elements of Compstat were part of their routine and structure.
This is the second report in a series of three that resulted from the
larger, NIJ-funded project, Compstat and Organizational Change: Findings
from a National Survey.
Minneapolis
Domestic Violence Experiment (266 KB) (1984)
by Lawrence W. Sherman and Richard A. Berk. Arresting an assailant in
a domestic violence case significantly reduces the likelihood of future
violence. In the first scientifically controlled test of the effects
of arrest for any crime, arrest was found to be the most effective of
three standard responses used by police when responding to cases of
domestic violence.
Officer
Behavior in Police-Citizen Encounters: A Descriptive Model and Implications
for Less-than-Lethal Alternatives (286 KB) (September 1996)
by Karen L. Amendola. This model is built on the understanding that
in determining influences on officer behavior, it is more important
to focus on risk factors present in all these encounters rather than
simply on the type of situation. This report grew out of a larger study
that analyzed police-citizen encounters to ascertain characteristics
of those encounters, paying particular attention to how control tactics
and technologies might be applied.
Prelude
to Project Safe Neighborhoods: The Richmond, Virginia, Experience A
Police Foundation Report (192KB)
(January 2004)
by Edwin E. Hamilton
(available online only)
Richmond,
Virginia’s successful gun violence reduction program, Project
Exile, became a building block for Project Safe Neighborhoods, the massive
federal initiative for combating gun violence in the U.S. With support
from the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, the Police
Foundation held a series of symposiums across the country that were
facilitated by the architects of Project Exile to inform practitioners
about factors that were critical to that program’s success.
Preventing Repeat Incidents of Family Violence: A Randomized Field Test of a Second Responder Program in Redlands, California (191 KB) (December 2007) by Robert C. Davis, David Weisburd, and Edwin E. Hamilton
(available online only)
This field test, conducted with the cooperation of the Redlands, CA, Police Department, sought to vary one of the parameters thought to affect the impact of second response programs. Victims who called the Redlands police with a domestic abuse complaint were randomly assigned (a) to receive a second response within 24 hours, (b) to receive a second response within seven days, or (c) to receive no second response. A check of police records and surveys with victims six months after the initial complaint was called did not indicate any reduction in new abuse resulting from any second response condition. The current findings, coupled with earlier research results, strongly suggest that second response programs are at best ineffective in reducing the potential for new abuse and at worst may increase the likelihood of new abusive incidents. Implications for criminal justice policy are discussed.
The
Quality of Police Arrest Statistics (275KB) (August 1984)
by Lawrence W. Sherman and Barry D. Glick. For both operational planning
and basic research, arrest data are an indispensable tool. This report
shows how and why arrest statistics are not comparable across police
departments.
Reconciling
Higher Educational Standards and Minority Recruitment: The New York
City Model. (251 KB) (September 1992) This is a report of the findings
of a study of New York City's innovative Police Cadet Corps. The study
found that police departments could improve levels of education and
simultaneously increase minority representation.
Richmond’s
Second Responders: Partnering with Police Against Domestic Violence
(266KB) (available online only) (March 2005)
Domestic violence
is a significant social problem in the U.S., where over 22 percent of
women have suffered an attack by an intimate partner. Over the last
two decades, scholars and practitioners have looked into ways to reduce
the incidence of domestic violence. One of the strategies being explored
employs a broader approach that is both multidisciplinary and multi-agency.
This report examines the Richmond, Virginia, Second Responder program
in which police summon social service caseworkers to the scene of domestic
violence incidents to provide assistance and information to victims.
Spouse
Abuse Research Raises New Questions About Police Response to Domestic
Violence. (194KB) (October 1992) This study, one of several replications
of the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, examined the relationship
between arrest of spouse abuse suspects and their subsequent recidivism.
Deterrence seemed to be largely limited to employed suspects.
Women
on the Move? A Report on the Status of Women in Policing (414KB)
(May 1989) by Susan E. Martin.
An 8-page summary of the full 1990 foundation report that documents
the greater role that women have come to play in policing since Police
Foundation research in the 1970s proved that women could be effective
patrol officers.
back
to top
PROBLEM
ANALYSIS IN POLICING
(621KB) (March
2003)
by
Rachel Boba.
(Click on the above link for the PDF version or click
here to order printed version.)
This report
introduces and defines problem analysis and provides guidance on how
problem analysis can be integrated and institutionalized into modern
policing practices. This report is not a “how to” guide
on conducting problem analysis, but is a summary of ideas and recommendations
about what problem analysis is, what skills and knowledge are necessary
to conduct it, and how it can be advanced by the police community, academia,
the federal government, and other institutions. The ideas and recommendations
in this report come primarily from a two-day forum conducted in February
2002 by the Police Foundation and the US Department of Justice’s
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), in which
a group of academics, practitioners, and policy makers came together
to discuss problem analysis and make recommendations for its progress.
This report is a culmination of the concepts and ideas that were discussed
in the forum and includes specific, relevant statements made by participants.
Reducing Fear of Crime in Houston and Newark (420 KB) While crime is a major problem in many cities, citizen fear of crime often exceeds the actual risk of being victimized. This fear produces a fortress mentality among residents. It makes citizens suspicious of one another and erodes the sense of community upon which neighborhood life depends. Ultimately, it can result in urban decay and flight from our cities. The first empirical study of police efforts to reduce fear of crime, this project demonstrated that such programs can be successfully carried out. This research shows that if police officers work harder at talking and listening to citizens, they can reduce citizen fear of crime and, in some cases, reduce crime itself. And importantly, police departments can initiate these strategies without increasing their budgets.
back
to top
RESEARCH
BRIEFS :
Two-page summaries of selected Police Foundation research projects.
back
to top
CRIME
MAPPING NEWS,
a quarterly newsletter for GIS, crime mapping, and policing.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (1.77 MB)
Featured Articles: Crime MAPS: Evolution and Revolution, by Julie Wartell, Crime Analysis Administrator, County of San Diego District Attorney; RCAGIS in Baltimore and Surrounding Areas: Cross Jurisdictional Data Sharing on a Grassroots Level, by Agent Jeffrey Cooper and Major Paul Herman, Baltimore City Police Department; Highlights of the NIJ MAPS Crime Mapping Research Conference, by Greg Jones; Crime Mapping News Spotlight: George Mason University Geographic Information Sciences Professional Certificate Program
Volume 7, Issue 3 (4.79 MB)
Featured articles: Crime Mapping at the Washington/Baltimore HIDTA; Incident Mapping: The Ultimate Contraband Control; Spotlight: Johnson City, TN, Police Department; Book Review: GIS and Crime Mapping.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (2.07 MB)
Featured articles: GIS for a Homeland Security Event: The Democratic National Convention; Influential Mapping Using GIS in a Small City: How to Convey Your Plans Clearly and Concisely; CrimeStat III; Spotlight: Jacksonville Sheriff's Office; Highlights of Recent Crime Mapping Conferences.
Volume
7, Issue 1 (2005) (307 KB)
Featured articles: Combating Campus Crime with Mapping and Analysis,
by George F. Rengert, PhD, Professor of Criminal Justice, Temple University;
and Robert Lowell, Captain, Temple University Police Department; Incident
Mapping and Analysis on the North Carolina State University Campus,
by Lt. Col. John Dailey, Sgt. Jon Barnwell, and Sgt. Ed Farmer, North
Carolina State University Police Department; Crime Mapping News
Spotlight: St. Cloud State University
Fall
2004 (653 KB)
Featured articles: Why Map Prisoner Reentry?, by Nancy La
Vigne, PhD, Senior Research Associate, The Urban Institute; Informing
a Neighborhood Approach to Reentry: The Winston-Salem Reentry Mapping
Network Project, by Sylvia Oberle, Executive Director, Center
for Community Safety, Winston-Salem State University; Highlights of
the International Association of Crime Analysts Conference; and What
Are Crime Analysts Doing?, the results of the Police Foundation
Crime Mapping and Problem Analysis Laboratorys national needs
assessment survey
Summer
2004 (1,020KB) This issue of Crime Mapping News is about the use
of crime mapping and crime analysis to address gang-related activity
in diverse environments. This issue begins with an introductory article
about important factors to consider when creating gang maps for analysis.
The second article discusses the use of mapping in analyzing a specific
gang whose activity and culture have spread nationwide. The third
article describes an intelligence process utilized in combination
with crime mapping to combat both gang activity and networking between
gang members inside and outside of a correctional institution in the
eastern U.S
Spring
2004 (730KB) This issue, the second of 2004, contains articles
on the use of global positioning systems (GPS) and geographic information
systems (GIS) in law enforcement. The first article in this issue
is about the use of GPS and GIS in the state of North Carolina and
focuses on truck crashes and commercial vehicle enforcement. The second
article is about the use of GPS-enabled digital cameras to analyze
gang-related graffiti incidents in Santa Monica, CA. Finally, the
third article is a recap of the recent International Crime Mapping
Research Conference that took place on March 2004 in Boston, MA.
Winter
2004 (544KB) This issue, the first of 2004, contains articles
on a variety of topics, including a discussion about a crime reduction
partnership that has been established in the UK; a crime mapping application
developed for a police department in Illinois; and highlights of the
2003 International Association of Crime Analysts Conference held in
Kansas City, Missouri, in October 2003. Also included is an introduction
to the new director of the Crime Mapping and Problem Analysis Laboratory
at the Police Foundation.
Summer
2003. Featured articles: Project Safe Neighborhoods: An Overview,
by Greg Jones, Graduate Research Intern, Police Foundation; Project
Safe Neighborhoods and Problem Solving: The Indianapolis Experience,
by Edmund F. McGarrell, Director and Professor, School of Criminal
Justice, Michigan State University; Applying a Problem-Solving
Method in a High-Crime City: The St. Louis Strategic Approaches to
Community Safety Initiative, by Scott H. Decker, Shannan M. Catalano,
and G. David Curry, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
University of Missouri-St. Louis.
Spring
2003. Featured articles: Conference Summary: Sixth Annual International
Crime Mapping Research Conference; CrimeStat II, by Ned Levine,
PhD, Director of Ned Levine and Associates; Mapping Evil—The
Impact of the Crimes of Dr. Harold Shipman, by Spencer Chainey,
Head of Consultancy Services for InfoTech Enterprises Europe; and
¿Se Habla Español? Reconciling Geocoding Conflict
Between Census Street Files and ESRI Software, by Gisela Bichler-Robertson,
PhD, Director, and Jamie Conley, GIS Research Assistant for the Crime
Prevention Analysis Lab,California State University, San Bernardino.
Winter
2003. Special Issue: This special issue of Crime Mapping News
presents the executive summary of the report, Problem
Analysis in Policing. Written and published by the
Police Foundation through funding from the US Department of Justice’s
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), the
report introduces and defines problem analysis and provides guidance
on how problem analysis can be integrated and institutionalized into
modern policing practices.
The full, 64-page
report, Problem Analysis
in Policing, is available online. Or, click
here to order a printed copy.
Fall
2002. Featured Articles: Overview: Community Mapping, Planning,
and Analysis for Safety Strategies (COMPASS), by Erin Dalton,
former NIJ social sciences analyst; The Seattle COMPASS Project
Privacy Council, by Gerald Sidorowicz, Seattle COMPASS Project
Director; The Milwaukee COMPASS Project, by Jim Pingel, COMPASS
Project Director; Memphis Community Safety Information System;
The East Valley COMPASS Project.
Summer
2002. Featured articles: "Using 3D Urban Models and Tools
to Assist in Public Safety and Provide Law Enforcement Solutions,"
by Harris Corporation and the Jacksonville, FL, Sheriff's Office;
"Geographic Profiling: A New Tool for Crime Analysts," by
Ian Laverty and Philip MacLaren of Environmental Criminology Research
Inc. (ECRI); and the complete answers to the "Crime Analysis
Challenge."
Spring
2002 . Featured articles: "Summary: Problem Analysis Forum
2002," by Rachel Boba, PhD, Director of the Police Foundation's
Crime Mapping Laboratory; an excerpt from "Primary Data Collection:
A Problem-Solving Necessity," by Karin Schmerler, Research Analyst
for the Chula Vista Police Department and Mary Velasco, Research Associate
in the Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory; "Summary:
Advanced Crime Mapping and Analysis Symposium;" and truncated
answers to the "Crime Analysis Challenge."
Winter
2002 . Featured articles: Closing the Barn Door: Police Counterterrorism
After 9-11 From the Analyst's Perspective, by Dan Helms, Crime
Analyst for the Las Vegas, NV, Police Department and former Air Force
Intelligence Analyst; Incident-Level GIS, by Jim Howard, President
of Disaster Engineering Software Consultants (DESC), Inc.; Anne
Arundel County Police Department Brings Mapping to Crime Analysis,
by T.A. "Mickey" Finn and Ken Aung, ARCBridge Consulting & Training,
Inc.; Terrorism Information Web Sites; and the Crime Analysis
Challenge.
Fall
2001. Featured articles: Crime and Disorder Partnership Targets
Drug and Alcohol-Related Crime: London Borough of Harrow (UK),
by Craig Shephard, GIS Development Officer, Community Safety Unit,
London Borough of Harrow; Mapping Narcotics Activity Information:
Linking Patrol and Investigations, by Kurt Smith, Operational
Support Administration, San Diego, CA, Police Department; Stealth
Predator Patterns, by D. Kim Rossmo, Director of Research, Police
Foundation, and Anne Davies, Police Foundation Fellow (New Scotland
Yard); Crime View® Internet at the Redlands Police Department,
by Beth Shulman, Business and Marketing Manager, The Omega Group.
Summer
2001. Featured articles: Evaluating a Crime Mapping Web Site,
an evaluation of the ARJIS mapping Web site in San Diego County,
CA, by Julie Wartell, Institute for Law and Justice; The Austin
Police Department's Crime Mapping Viewer, by Al Johnson, Austin
Police Department; Crime Mapping Goes Hollywood: CBS's The District
Demonstrates Crime Mapping to Millions of TV Viewers, by Jesse
Theodore, ESRI; Crime Map Tutorial, by Lauri M. Velotta, Crime
Mapping Research Center, National Institute of Justice.
Spring
2001. Featured articles: Mapping Our Schools Makes Sense: Creating
a Tactical Plan for School Violence Using GIS, by Bob Feliciano
of the Rio Hondo Community College Public Safety Training Center.
School COP: Software for Analyzing and Mapping School Incidents,
By Thomas F. Rich of Abt Associates, Inc. The Winston-Salem/Police
Foundation Safe Schools Partnership, by Mary Velasco of the Police
Foundation Crime Mapping Laboratory. San Diego: Mapping Schools
and Beyond, by Deena Bowman-Jamieson and Kurt Smith of the San
Diego, CA Police Department. School Safety Bibliography, by
Jim Griffin of the Police Foundation Crime Mapping Laboratory.
Winter
2001.
Featured articles: International Crime Mapping: Caveats and Considerations,
by Jim Griffin of the Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory.
Mapping Crime Scenes and Cellular Telephone Usage in South Africa,
by Antony K. Cooper and Peter M.U. Schmitz of the Division of Information
and Communications Technology, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. Using
GIS to Examine Maritime Corporate Crime: A Study of Philippine Passenger
Ship Accidents, by Dr. Gisela Bichler-Robertson of California
State University, San Bernardino.
Fall
2000. Featured articles: Mapping: A New Direction in
Victim Services, by Reagan McClung of the Office of the Texas
Attorney General. Applying Theory to Crime Mapping, by Melissa
Johnson of the New Jersey State Police. Mapping in Action: Illinois
Methamphetamine Risk-Model, by Boyd Butler of the Illinois State
Police.
Summer
2000.
Featured articles. Statewide Crime Analysis and Mapping: An Ongoing
Project, by Dan Bibel, Program Manager, Crime Reporting Unit,
Massachusetts State Police. Crime Mapping Data Partnerships: The
Sussex (UK) Perspective, by Phil Spivey, Data Exchange & Audit
Analyst, West Sussex County Council, and Tom Tyler, Information Analyst,
East Sussex County Council. Mapping in Action: Kansas City Community
Crime Mapping Initiative, by Carol McCoy, Lenexa, Kansas, Police
Department.
Spring
2000. Featured articles: Tactical Crime Analysis and Geographic
Information Systems, by Mary Velasco and Dr. Rachel Boba of the
Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory. Trendspotting: Serial
Crime Detection with GIS, by Dan Helms of the Las Vegas Metropolitan
Police Department. Mapping in Action: Cambridge, MA Police Department,
by Chris Bruce. ATAC: A Tool for Tactical Crime Analysis, by
Sean Bair, Director of Bair Software, Research and Consulting.
Winter
2000. Featured articles: Implementing a GIS Application: Lessons
Learned in a Law Enforcement Environment, by Col. Ken Hughes,
Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office; Implementing Crime Mapping:
Hayward Police Department, by Karen Vincent, Crime Analysis Manager;
CrimeStat: A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime
Incident Locations, by Ned Levine, PhD. Mapping in Action:
Scottsdale Police Department, Starting Up Crime Mapping, by Paul
C. Bentley, Crime Analysis Supervisor.
Fall
1999. Featured articles: Crime Mapping and ESRI, by Lew
Nelson, Public Safety Coordinator, ESRI, Inc. MapInfo Helps Take
a Byte Out of Crime, by Joe Kelly, Public Sector Marketing Manager,
MapInfo Corporation. Mapping in Action: Overland Park Police Department,
by Gerald Tallman, Susan Wernicke, and Jamie May, Overland Park Police
Department.
Summer
1999. Featured
Articles: Privacy Issues in the Presentation of Geocoded Data,
by Tom Casady, Chief of the Lincoln, Nebraska, Police Department.
Mapping in Action: Mesa PD, by John Werner, Crime Analyst with
the Mesa, Arizona, Police Department. Technical
Discussion: Internet Mapping.
Spring
1999. Featured
articles: Free Maps to Drug Law Enforcement Agencies from the National
Guard, by Rickey Thomas, second lieutenant and officer in charge
of the National Guard Counterdrug Directorate's Digital Mapping Initiative.
Mapping in Action: Washington, DC. Success with GIS: In
with the new, Out with the old, by Douglas Jones, Metropolitan
DC, Police Department. Technical Discussion: Innovative Mapping GPS
and GIS.
Winter
1999. Featured
articles: Computerized Mapping as a Tool for Problem-Oriented Policing,
by Dr. Nancy La Vigne, Director of the Crime Mapping Research Center,
National Institute of Justice. Mapping in Action: Lansing PD, by
Steve Person, Lieutenant, Lansing, Michigan, Police Department. Technical
Discussion: GIS and the Year 2000 Problem.
back
to top
CRIME
MAPPING & PROBLEM ANALYSIS PUBLICATIONS
Advanced
Problem Analysis, Crime Analysis, and Crime Mapping Training Curriculum
This project
was supported by Cooperative Agreement #2002-CK-WX-0303 by the US Department
of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Generally, this
training is designed for individuals who are already experienced with
basic problem solving, crime analysis, and crime mapping techniques.
The purpose of this training is to expose participants to the application
of criminological theory and research methods in a policing environment,
intermediate and advanced spatial analysis techniques, collection and
analysis of different types of data sources, evaluation of responses
to crime problems, tips on improving presentations, products, and writing
skills, and problem analysis case studies.
The training curriculum consists of several components including:
- over 630 training
slides in Microsoft® PowerPoint® format
- detailed notes/references
in the PowerPoint® notes section to provide further explanation/references
for the information on the slides
- comprehensive
exercises
- a sample problem
designed to illustrate the practical relevance of course concepts
- hundreds of
examples drawn from academic and practical literature
- the trainers’
professional experience
- the pilot training
course
The training is
designed for a person with experience in problem solving, problem analysis,
crime analysis, and crime mapping to use to instruct practitioners and
students in these areas. It is not a tutorial for practitioners; however,
analysts may find the concepts and techniques as they are presented
in the curriculum helpful.
To
obtain a copy of the training on CD, please complete the attached PDF
order form in its entirety and fax or mail it to the Police Foundation.
Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping Information Clearinghouse 2006
(8th Edition) (203 KB)
This clearinghouse provides a comprehensive list of bibliographic and Internet resources that may be useful to practitioners and researchers interested in the disciplines of problem analysis, crime analysis, and crime mapping. The bibliographic references are composed of books, articles, and reports that relate to topics such as crime analysis, problem solving, geographic information systems (GIS), crime mapping, and Internet mapping. The Internet resources provided at the end of the document include links to additional sources of information concerning crime analysis and crime mapping. This edition contains over 130 new bibliographic references, which indicates the increase in research and practice in this emerging field of crime analysis, GIS, and crime mapping. Finally, there is a new resource category entitled “Journey to Crime” that has been added to the clearinghouse.
Crime
Analysis and Mapping Product Templates
The crime analysis
and mapping product templates have been designed to serve as models
for law enforcement analysts who wish to prepare standardized crime
analysis reports, bulletins, and maps. The Police Foundations
Crime Mapping Laboratory has collected over 100 examples of crime
analysis reports (annual, monthly, weekly, and daily reports of crime
and calls for service), memos, crime trend bulletins, and maps submitted
by 20 law enforcement agencies across the United States. The products
we received range from simple, one-page bulletins or maps to more
detailed problem-solving reports that include multiple tables, charts,
and maps. After collecting these examples from the field, we categorized
and analyzed them to look for commonalities in format, content, relevance,
and overall effectiveness in conveying information in a concise manner.
With this knowledge, we have created 11 product templates that can
be adapted for use by any law enforcement agency.
Frequently
Asked Questions of Crime Analysis and Mapping (74KB)
As a service
to the law enforcement community, the Crime Mapping Laboratory is
dedicated to providing technical assistance via telephone, fax, e-mail,
and personal contacts with individuals engaged in crime analysis and
crime mapping. Based on these contacts, we have compiled a list of
five frequently asked questions and answers to reach a wider audience
than those reached by our technical assistance contacts. The answer
to each question includes links to other crime analysis and mapping
resources, such as publications and Web pages that provide useful
and comprehensive information about that particular topic.
Guidelines
to Implement and Evaluate Crime Analysis and Mapping in Law Enforcement
(328KB)
This document
is meant to serve as a guide for the processes of implementing and
evaluating crime analysis and mapping for law enforcement agencies
that do not currently have the function in place as well as those
that are looking to reevaluate and restructure their current crime
analysis and mapping functions. It provides a general outline for
(1) developing a needs assessment, (2) creating an action plan based
on the assessment, and (3) conducting an evaluation of crime analysis
and mapping. This report is not meant to be a step-by-step guide for
these three processes but instead offers suggestions and guidance
on what and how to collect relevant information, while citing practical
examples.
Integrated Intelligence and Crime Analysis: Enhanced Information Management for Law Enforcement Leaders (2007) (48 pages) (4.3 MB) (Printed copies available for a $5 shipping and handling charge.)
by Jerry H. Ratcliffe
Data and information about the criminal environment and criminal activity abound: the challenge is to corral this wealth of data into knowledge that can enhance decision making, improve strategies to combat crime, and increase crime prevention benefits. In other words, the aim is to convert data and information into actionable intelligence. This report is designed to identify the key challenges limiting criminal intelligence sharing, the aims of the integrated analysis model, and the way that all police departments, big or small, can work individually and collectively towards the new intelligence-led policing paradigm of modern policing.
Integrating
Community Policing and Computer Mapping: Assessing Issues and Needs
Among COPS Office Grantees (160KB)
This report discusses
the results of a telephone survey of 51 law enforcement agencies that
have received funding from the COPS Office. This survey was conducted
by the Crime Mapping Laboratory to determine the agencies development
as users of computer mapping and to facilitate the successful implementation
of the technology. Although the findings of the survey are not generalizable
to all agencies, they are suggestive and provide valuable insight
into the issues and problems that some law enforcement agencies face
as they integrate crime mapping into their operations.
Introductory
Guide to Crime Analysis and Mapping (2.44MB)
This introductory
guide was developed from the curriculum for the "Introduction to Crime
Analysis Mapping and Problem Solving" training course conducted by
members of the Police Foundation's Crime Mapping Laboratory in 2001
and funded by the Office
of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). The purpose of
this document is to convert the information presented in the training
into a succinct and readable report that makes it available to a larger
audience than was reached through the training sessions. It is not
intended to be a comprehensive document on crime analysis, crime mapping,
and problem solving, but rather a "starter" guidebook for someone
just entering the field or a reference manual for current crime analysts
or other law enforcement analysts. The format of the document follows
the format of the training slides loosely, but it is not necessary
to read them together.
Manual
of Crime Analysis Map Production (883KB)
Through discussion
and comprehensive examples, this manual provides guidelines for introductory-level
crime analysis mapping for use in a law enforcement environment. To
produce accurate and effective crime maps, there are three initial
factors to consider: (1) the purpose of the map, (2) the audience
of the map, and (3) the types of data to include in the map. These
considerations often dictate the type of map that will be used and
the method of presentation. This manual begins with a brief examination
of these initial factors, follows with a discussion of the types of
maps and design elements, and concludes with five comprehensive examples
that illustrate the process of crime analysis mapping.
Mapping for Community-Based Prisoner Reentry Efforts: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement Agencies and Their Partners (2007) (44 Pages) (6.04 MB) (Printed copies are available from the Police Foundation for a $5.00 shipping and handling charge.)
by Nancy G. La Vigne
Prisoner reentry-the process of individuals leaving prison and jail and returning to the community-is a topic of increasing concern to law enforcement agencies across the country. With more than 650,000 prisoners returning to society each year, prisoner reentry poses many challenges to the communities involved, including an increased risk to public safety and a limited availability of jobs, housing, and social services for the returning prisoners. Mapping can provide valuable information on how prisoner reentry is affecting local communities, and the extent to which existing resources and services are addressing the needs of reentering populations.
The purpose of this guidebook is to explore ways in which mapping can aid police responses to prisoner reentry. This guidebook raises and answers a series of questions designed to walk the reader through the logic of why and how police can take an active role in prisoner reentry efforts and how mapping can aid in those efforts. It describes the reasons behind, and strategies for, engaging in data-sharing partnerships with corrections agencies, followed by a description of useful maps that can be produced. Special attention is paid to describing the various obstacles both to forging reentry partnerships and to mapping reentry data and how those obstacles can be surmounted. The guidebook closes with a discussion of how police agencies, in partnership with corrections, service providers, and community representatives, can use maps to influence changes in policies, practices, and procedures to better enhance public safety by reducing recidivism among released prisoners and apprehending those who do recidivate swiftly and efficiently.
User Guide to Mapping Software for Police Agencies (8th edition) (17.7 MB)
This report provides an overview of a wide range of mapping software and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), focusing on their functionality and the features that may be of use to law enforcement analysts. Products reviewed in this report encompass a wide range of categories or subject areas, and perform a variety of functions, including: 1) data acquisition and data management, 2) geocoding, 3) crime mapping and analysis, 4) Internet mapping, 5) redistricting, 6) emergency management, 7) routing software, and 8) others, including products from each of the following specialized areas: audio-visual mapping, cartography, data mining, drawing/design, GIS applications development, geospatial imaging, geographic incident tracking/mapping, intelligence analysis, investigative analysis, resource allocation, records management, spatial data analysis, and spatial information systems. The review includes information related to: manufacturer, relevant area of application, contact information, the GIS and operating platforms necessary for the product, and a brief product description.
| OVERCOMING
THE BARRIERS:
CRIME MAPPING IN THE 21ST CENTURY
an
occasional series on the human and technological barriers
that police agencies face in the implementation and integration
of crime mapping. Monographs in this series are only available
online.
Number 1, January 2002
Crossing the Borders
of Crime: Factors Influencing the Utility and Practicality
of Interjurisdictional Crime Mapping. (549KB)
by John E. Eck (16 pages)
Mapping
across jurisdictions has emerged as a major problem in
the integration of crime mapping into police problem solving.
Crime problems often cross jurisdictional boundaries,
while crime analysis is often based within specific jurisdictions.
John Eck, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at the
University of Cincinnati, argues the main impediments
to the development of effective cross-jurisdictional crime
mapping systems lie not in the technologies but in the
organizational structures and patterns of police agencies.
Number
2, August 2002
Mapping in
Police Agencies: Beyond This Point There Be Monsters
(253KB)
by Lawrence Travis III and Kenneth D. Hughes (16 pages)
This monograph explores why more American law enforcement
agencies haven’t adopted and fully utilized computerized
crime mapping. Travis and Hughes propose that mapping
is in an early stage of the innovation cycle and its acceptance
and use will accelerate in time. The authors also suggest
that computerized crime mapping, despite its potential,
remains largely unexplored because it may present unforeseen
perils for agencies and executives.
|
|
back
to top
For more information,
contact Mary Malina at (202) 833-1460, or email: mmalina@policefoundation.org. |